ARISTOTLE LAM KAN HAWI NI

Socrates-an Plato a zirtir a. Plato-an Aristotle a zirtir leh a, Aristotle hi Plato a sikulah kum 20 zet a awm nghe nghe. Kum 384 BC-ah a lo piang a, 322 BC-ah a thi. Alexander Ropuia zirtirtu kha a ni a, hei hian Aristotle-a thuk dan tur chu thui tak a tar lang. Zirtirtu tha tehna pawimawh tak chu, a zirtir chhuahte thlen chin leh nihna atangin a ni fo.

Biology, botany, chemistry, ethics, history, logic, metaphysics, rhetoric, philo­sophy of mind, philosophy of science, physics, poetics, political theory, psychology, zoology, etc ah sulhnu a nei a. Ethics, Political theory, Metaphysics leh Philsophy of Science lamah te hmahruaitu a ni a. A kutchhuakte hian vawiin thlenga zir a la hlawh a ni.

Ram zau tak a fang a, a zin zauna hi a chhawr ṭangkai hle. Lehkhabu tam tak a ziak a. A lehkhabu ziahte zinga zaa sawmhnih vel emaw chauh hi vawn that a ni awm e. A kut chhuak zinga Mizote pawhin a kan lo hriat ve deuh chu, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics, Justice leh The Poets te hi a ni awm e. He'ng lo pawh hi vawiin thlenga hmuh tur la awm chu a awm nual. A thuziah hmang hi thuchang sei pui pui a ziak loin, tawite te, chhum bung deuh deuh anga langin a ziak ṭhin.

A NGAIHDAN THENKHATTE:

A ngaihdan leh thlirna ṭhenkhat hi tawite tein han sawi ila:-

1. JUSTICE: Aristotle-a chuan, Justice chu

a) Dan ang thlap (lawful)

b) Dik leh intluk tawk chiah

(fair and equal) a ni, a ti.

Justice nihphung tur a sawi bakah hian, Justice hian a huam dang a sawi leh chu, mi tin an chanvo tur anmahni phu tawk ang zela sem zai leh siam ṭhat ṭul siam ṭhatna te a sawi tel bawk a ni. Chu chu Distributive Justice an tih tak hi a ni.

2. EDUCATION: Aristotle-a hian zirna hi a ngai pawimawhin a dah sang em em a. Zirna hi sawrkar kutah a awm tur a ni a, ram chhunga thil ngaih pawimawh leh dan pui ngaisang zawngin zirna hi kalpui tur a ni, tiin a sawi. "Mihring hi, enkawl ṭhat chuan nunna nei zinga ṭha ber a ni a, enkawl ṭhat loha thlah zal mai mai a nih chuan, nunna nei zinga ṭha lo ber a ni," tiin a sawi a. Zirna hmang hian mihring ṭha siamin ram ṭha kan nei thei a ni, a ti.

Zirna inah chuan, he’ngte hi zir tur a ni a ti:-

1) Ziak leh chhiar

2) Taksa sawi zawi

(physical Training)

3) Rimawi

4) Lem ziak

Rimawi ngaisangin edu­cation huang chhungah zir ngei tur ti mah sela, rimawi hmanraw zinga flute lam Phenglawng kan tih ang chi hi chu a khap tlat a. A chhan chu a tumtute hmel a hmuhnawm loh a ti!

3. DEMOCRACY: Democracy chu ‘a mamawhtute sawrkar,’ tiin a sawi. Mi zawng zawngte tana ṭha tura din a ni lo a, a theih bawk loh a, mi retheite tana din a ni, a ti.

Aristotle-a hian democracy hi chi nga-ah a ṭhen a.

a) Rethei leh hausa, mi tinte kawng engkima an intluk tlan thlapna

b) Miin hausakna avanga chanvo pawimawh a chan theihna

c) Dan huang chhungah, chhuhsak leh theih mai loa inthlah chhawnna avanga chanvo pawimawh chelh theihna

d) Mi tinin ram rorelnaa chanvo an chan vekna

e) Mipui kuta rorelna awmna. Heng chi nga hi thil awm thei vekah a ngai a. A palina no (d)-na ang hi democracy ṭha berah a ngai.

4. REVOLUTION: Revolution chungchanga Aristotle-a ngaihdan hi han sawi chhunzawm leh ila. Revolution chu hun inherin a hrin a ni a ti a. Thil lo inthlak danglam ta phut hi a ni ber mai.

Revolution lo thlen chhan hi, Aristotle-a chuan chi thum a awmin a sawi:

a) Rilru putze ṭha lo (negative)

b) Thinlungin thil tha a duhna (Postive)

c) Hun tawngin a zir avanga rawn thleng

Revolution thleng lo tur chuan, roreltu, dinhmun sang changte'n an zir a ngai hle. An nihna chu mimal hamṭhatna atan hmang lovin an fimkhurin an inveng hle tur a ni a. Roreltute nih phung tur pathum chu hetiang hian a sawi:

1) Ram dan zawm ṭhat tur. Nghet takin zawm tlat tur a ni.

2) Ram inawpna dan ken kawh kawngah a chakin a keng tlang ngam tur a ni.

3) Nun ze nghet leh tak, ze nghet leh tha nei mi an ni tur a ni.

5. DAN: “Mihring chu tidik thei, tisual thei a ni a, chuvangin, dan neih a ṭul a ni,” titu Aristotle-a hian dan hi a ngai pawimawh hle a. Ram hi mi pakhat kuta a awm ngawt hi a ṭha lo a, uluk taka duan chhuah dan pui hnuaiah ram hi a kal zawk tur a ni. Ram inawpna danpui (Constitution) a awm ang a, chumi hnuaiah chuan dan tesep dang a awm leh ang. Chumi hmang vek chuan ram hi kaihhruai tur a ni. Kan han sawi tak kha, dan chungchanga Aristotle-a thlirna chu a ni. Dan kalha rorelna a awm chuan, ram inawpna awmze awm lo a ni tawh a, ram (state) tia chhiar tlak tawh loah, Aristotle-a hian a ngai a ni.

6. HLIMNA: Aristotle-a chuan, ‘Hlimna hi mihring nun awmzia ber leh a dam chhan a ni a. Mihring awm chhan leh a thlen tum ber pawh a ni,” a ti. Kan hlimna hi keimahniah a innghat thui hle tiin Aristotle-a chuan a sawi a. Kan nun dan hi, uluk taka hmangin a tha leh chhe zawnga a ‘lutuk’a kan kal lohna turin kan inveng ang a, chu chuan hlimna min thlen ang a ti a ni. Pathian thu duh loh lutuk a tha lo a, Pathian thu duh leh lutuk, a dik leh dik lo leh thil dang ngaihtuah loa kal nasat lutuk pawh a ṭha lo, kalsualna thlentua ni tih ang deuh hi a ni ber awm e. Kan rilru leh taksa hriselna ngaih pawimawh hian hlimna min thlen dawn a ni, tiin a sawi. Hei hi Doctrone of Mean an ti a. A zirlai zinga ropui ber, Alexander-a kha chuan a zir chhuak ta lo a nih kha.

7. THEORY OF CAUSATION: Socrates emaw Plato emaw kan sawi khan, Politics lama an ngaihtuahna kan hrut nasa a. Aristotle-a pawh a ni leh tho. An ngaihtuahna leh khawthlir a zau em em mai a. Politics lam khawthlir ni lo deuh lo sawi dawn ila. Aristotle-a Theory of Causation bik hi han sawi kai zuai ila a ṭha awm e.

Aristotle-a chuan thil a lo awm hian, lo awm chhan pali a nei a, a ti. Chu’ngte chu:

a) Material cause (Hmanrua)

b) Efficient Cause (Thiamna leh theihna)

c) Formal cause (A nihphung)

d) Final cause (A chhan)

Heti hian lo sawi fiah dawn ila. Thutthleng kan lo siam dawn ta a, thing kan mamawh hmasa phawt a - chu chu material cause a ni. A hmanrua kan lo nei ta a, ṭhutthleng siam tur chuan, a thiamna, a siam thiamna neih a ngai a. Thutthleng siam thiam kan awm a ngai - chu chu Efficient Cause chu a ni. Thutthleng kha nihphung nei a ni a. Siam dan tlanglawn lo deuh pawhin kan lo siam duh thei a. A siam dan tur ruahmanna ṭha a ngai - chu chu Formal cause a ni. A tawp berah chuan, ṭhutthleng chu ṭhutna tur atana kan siam a ni - chu chu Final cause a ni.

8. PATHIAN: Aristotle-a khan Pathian awm hi a ring a. Kristiante Pathian ang hi chuan a thlir chiah lo nain, lei leh vana thil lo thlen chhan hi chu Pathian avang chu a ni, a ti a ni. Khawvel thil thlengah hian a inrawlh lo a. Amaherawhchu, khawvelin a thlen tum leh a awm chhan ber chu amah a ni thung. Pathian awm ringtu (Theistic Philosopher)te tan hmun pakhat Cosmological Argurment an tih mai hi Aristotle-a rawn tih hmasak a ni a. A hnu lamah hian Thomas Aquinas-a leh mi dang dangin an rawn hmang ve ta zel a ni.

Cosmological argument chuan, “Lei leh van leh a chhunga thil awm tinreng en hian siamtu a awm tih hi hai theih a ni lo. Siamtu leh awmtirtu an awm loh chuan thil hi reng reng hi an lo awm ngawt thei lo. Awmtirtu, siamtu a awm avangin engkim mai hi a lo awm a ni. Thil engkim mai hi kawngkal mumal neia che an ni vek a, chu chu tihtirtu an awm a ni. Lei leh vana thil awm hi en ila, siamtu leh enkawltu Pathian chu a awm ngei a ni tih a chiang,” a ti!

Aristotle-a chuan, chu Pathian, actus Purus a ti a, chu a danglam ve ngai lo thung a ti a. Actus Purus chu a famkim a, a nih tur ang zawng zawng a ni nghal. AWMA a ni tawp mai a ni. (Exodus 3:14, ‘I am who I am’ a ti a nih kha). Tuna a nih bak nihna thar la neih theihna chu Pathian nihna ni loin thilsiamte nihna a ni. Kristiante Pathian ang chuan a thlir chiah lo kan ti nain Aristotle-a Pathian nihna hmuh dan bulpui kha, Kristian kohrante’n Pathian chungchang an inzirtirna bulpui nen a inhne hnai hle a ni.

Baptist Kohhran (BCM) thurin puan­chhuah leh Presbyterian Kohhran thurinah pawh hei hi kan hmu. Presbyterian Kohhran Thurin II-na bik hi lo tarlang ila, “Pathian pakhat chauh a awm a, Amah chauh chu biak tur a ni. Amah chu Thlarau, mahnia awm a, hmun tina awm, thlarau dang zawng zawng leh thil dang reng reng laka hrang si a ni a. A miziaah te, finnaah te, thiltihtheihnaah te, thianghlimnaah te, diknaah te, ṭhatnaah te, taknaah te leh hmangaihnaah te tawp chin nei lo, chatuan mi, danglam ngai lo a ni.”

9. POETICS/ LITERATURE: Aristotle-a khan tunlai khawvela subject chi hrang hrang kan hriat tam takah hian sulhnu a lo nei ngahin hma a lo hruai a. Philosophy leh Politics lama a khawthlir kan sawi tawh a, Literature lama a kutthlakna, Criticism lama hma a hruaina, ‘Poetics’ bu bik hi tawitein han sawi kai lawk ila.

Poetics-ah hian Poetry chungchang sawiin, Poetry chi hrang hrang te, Poetic Diction, Style, Vocabulary te, Tragedy te sawiin, Tragedy (lemchan) kalphung mumal tak a duang a. Tragedy ziahna atan hian hmanraw paruk a ṭul thu a sawi lang a - Plot, Character, Thought, Diction, Song leh Spectacle te a ni, a ti. He’ng bakah hian, ṭawngkam leh lemchan hmanraw lar tak tak- Mimesis te, Katharsis te, Hamartia tih te a chai bawk a. He’ngte hi a mal mala chai tham vek a ni a. Literary Theory lama Philosphy huang atanga hma a lo hruai dan tih lanna atan ka han sawi zuai zuai a ni. Poetics-a a thu chaite hmang hian Literary Theory/ Criticism lung a phum a. Chu a lungphumah chuan, mi dangin in ropui tak tak an rawn sa ta a ni.

Aristotle hian a hun lai leh ama hun hma lama literature lam (Poetry/ Drama/ Tragedy etc) ziaka hmuh theihte chu uluk takin a zir chiang a. Plato-an moral leh literature a lo baipawlh chu rawn la hrangin, thu leh hla chu thil mawi (aesthetic) tihchhuah theihna angin a rawn zir a. Tichuan, “Hla phuahtu chuan thil thleng tawh (event) a nih ang anga sawi chhawn mai hi a tum a ni lo a, chumi thil thleng phêna thil dang thleng thei, a ṭulna leh loh theih loh thilin a nawr avanga thil dang thleng zel theite tarlan chu a tum a ni,” a rawn ti chho ta. Hetiang hian Criticism bul a rawn tan ta a ni. Siamkima pawh khan Poetics aṭang hian, ‘criticism a lo intana a lo pung ta zel a ni’ tih hi chu ‘criticism thuang hrana kalpui thu a kawh chuan a dik thei ang’ a lo ti ve bawk a ni.

Aristotle a ngaihdan zam te khan a hun laia hla phuahtute kha a phuar bet deuh tlat mai a. Ani Aristotle lah chuan Poetry chu ‘chutiang khatiang a ni tur a ni,’ tiin dan a zam deuh bur mai nen, poem ṭha leh ṭha lo tehfung berah pawh Aristotle a ngaihdan chu a hun laia mi thiam te khan an hman avangin hla phuah mite tan pawh zawm mai tur a ni ve bawk reng a ni.

Aristotle a thih hnu-ah erawh chuan, poetry chuan Aristotle a dan zam a zawm famkim thei em tih vel lam ai chuan, ‘mi thinlung a hneh em?,’ tih zawk chu zawhna pawimawh rawn ni chhoin, “Aristotle an...a ti,” tih ai chuan, a hun lai mite thinlung fah thei thu leh hla te (Spirit of the Age) a ni em? tihte chu a pawimawh zawk a ni tih ngaihdan a lo piang ta. Engpawhnise, Thu leh Hla zirchianna kawnga Aristotle-a hma lo hruaina hi sawi hmaih rual a ni lo e.

KHARNA: Philosophy a ni emaw, Politics a ni emaw, Literature leh science te thleng pawhin kan hun laia society mil leh kan hunlaia harsatna chin fel tumna a ni thui hle. Philosophy phei chuan a hunlaia harsatna leh nun tibuaitu zawhna chhan a tum ṭhin. Politics ngaihtuahna pawh chu tho chu a ni. Aristotle-a chuan, thil a ngaihtuah leh sawi chhuah reng rengin a taka hman theih a ni ang em tih hi a ngai pawimawh em em ṭhin a. A ngaihdan han thlirpui pawhin, vawiin thlenga pawmawm tam tak hi a la awm reng a ni. Dante-a khan, "The Master of those who know," tiin Aristotle-a kha a sawi. Hriat loh kha a nei mang lo a ni, a hunlaiah ngat phei kha chuan.

Mizote hi hriatna tak tak tuipui kawngah kan tlahniam hle a. Kan hnam nun kawngah pawh harsatna tam tak kan tawh chhan pawh hi, hriatna thuk neih kawnga kan pawnlawi vang a ni thui hle. Finna umin tlan ila, hriatna zawng ila, thiamna khawl khawm ila. Finna hi Civilization innghahna, hnam nun hriltu a ni a. Keimahni hnam nun mil fin thuril ngaihtuahna kan neih a tul a. Chu’ng atan pawh chuan he’ng Greek mifingte hi kan hriat thuk poh leh kan ngaihtuahnate’n awmzia a nei ang.