CRISPR-CAS9 (DNA siam danglam)

Kumin, 2020 Che­mistry-a Noble Prize chu French geneticist, Emmanuelle Charpentier leh American biochemist Jennifer A. Doudna ten CRISPR-CAS9, DNA siam danglam (edit) dan an hmuhchhuah avanga pek an ni a. Vawi tam tak Nobel Prize hi hmeichhia-in an dawng tlem bik tia sawiselna nasa tak karah a vawi khat nan hmeichhe pahnihin he Nobel Prize hi an inṭawm (jointly awarded) a ni. 

He technology (crisper tiin an lam mai ṭhin) hmang hian natna tam tak heng- cancer, diabetes, alzeimer’s disease, DNA in remkhawm fuh tawk lo avanga thleng ṭhin hi tih dam theih niin an ngai. Tin, in kaichhawn theih natna tam tak- HIV, malaria, TB etc pawh CRISPR technology hmang hian heng natna hrika natna thlentu bik DNA hi kan paih bo (knock out) thei ang a, chu mai bakah kan duh gene  DNA a hi kan thun belh thei dawn a ni tiin scientist te chuan an beisei. 

Hei hian kan hriselna mai bakah buh leh bala kan intodelh theih nan te leh sa leh artui kan thar tam theih phah nan a la ṭangkai cheu dawn a ni an ti bawk. Eng ang takin nge hma min sawnpui ang tih hi hriat a chakawm tawh a, a nghahhlelhawm tawh takzet a ni. 

Bacteria-in amah rawn runtu, virus chi khat bacte­riophage laka a lo inven theih nan protein chi khat, CAS9 an tih hmang hian heng bacteriophage DNA hi a lo ṭhial sawm ṭhin a. Entirnan, bacteria eichhe ṭhintu, an hmelma chu virus chi khat bacteriophage hi a ni. He bacteriophage DNA hi bacteria hian a lo chhinchhiah ru ve ran a. Tichuan, hun a lo kal a, bacteriophage hian bacteria a run leh hian (kan taksa ral veng ang tho hian) bactriophage DNA hi a lo hmelhriat tawh avangin CRISPR hmang hian lo vuan betin, CAS9 protein hian bactriophage DNA hi a lo ei chhe ta ṭhin a ni. 

Chu chu scientist te hian hrechhuakin thil dangah CRIPSR hmanna tur hi an dap ta a. CRISPR hmang hian mihring taksa chhungah  kan duh lai, entirnan, cancer thlentu DNA buai (altered DNA) hi kan duhna takah kan delete thei tawh dawn a ni. 

Nimahsela hei hi, mihring  ran  thlai puitlingah ni lovin chi insiam tirh lai (embryonic stage) laiin CRISPR-CAS9 hi kan thawn lut tur a ni thung. Helaiah tak hian ngaihdan inmil lo thei a awm a, naute lo piang tur DNA hi kan zuk siam danglam hian he naute tan hian cancer emaw diabetes emaw natna vei dawn lo mahse, naute hi siam danglam (mutantaltered) emaw a nih avangin he technology hian eng angin nge min nghawng zel dawn tih hriatthiam har tak a ni. 

Hun hmasa lamah DNA editing ni chiah lo, DNA aṭanga protein rawn insiam tur lo dan chah dan, RNA interference (RNAi) hmangin kum 2006 khan Andrew Fire leh Creig Mello ten Nobel Prize an lo dawng tawh bawk a ni. Helai hi tlemin han sawi zau deuh ta ila. 

Kan taksaa insulin a rawn insiam theih nan, kan DNA-ah hian insulin code-tu DNA a awm a. Chu DNA chu RNA-ah insiamin, RNA aṭang hian insulin (protein) a rawn insiam chhawng ve leh ṭhin a ni. RNAi-ah hi chuan RNA chauh hi an tichhe ṭhin a (interfere), chu vang chuan protein insiam thei lovin, protein ṭhenkhat lo insiam tam lutuk vanga kan taksain a tawrh theih ang laka min veng thei tura ngaih a ni. 

Kum 1990 vel khan scientist te chuan Petunia pangpar purple rawng tih purple lehzualna atan purple colour code-tu, DNA (RNA) hi thun belh ta ila, a dum duk deuh ruih ang tia ngaiin purple code-tu DNA (RNA) an chiu lut a. Mak tak maiin he petunia pangpar hi purple a hnekin a rawn var ta hlauh thung a. A awmzia scientist ten an zirchian chuan he purple colour code-tu DNA aṭanga RNA insiam hi protein a insiam hma si hian a lo chhe (degrade) ta a ni. 

Nimahsela, hei hian duhthusam tawk lohna a nei - a chhan chu, DNA code-tu ber kha tihchhiat a nih tlat loh avangin he RNA interference effect hi a daih rei lo a ni. 

RNAi zawh chiaha thil lang chiang deuh chu, natna tihdam nana hetiang tehnology hi hman kan duh a nih chuan RNA ni lovin DNA zawkah hian danglamna, knock-out (DNA eichhiat) emaw knock-in (kan duh dana DNA kan thun belh) kan siam a pawimawh zawk dawn a. Hei hian effect rei tak neiin an fate zelah pawh inthlah chhawn theih (heritable) a ni dawn a ni. 

Nimahsela, hetianga technology ṭha leh thil ti thei nimahse, Pathian min siam dan kan khawih chingpen a nihna chen a awm tlat a. Kum 2018 khan Chinese scientist ‘He Jiankui’ chuan hmeichhe naupang phirah CRISPR-CAS9 hmang hian HIV an vei theih lohna turin an DNA hi a lo siam danglam tawh a. Hei hian sawisel a tawk nasa em em a. Naute ah hian piansualna nasa zawk a lo thleng mai ang em, nge mihring maksak tak turin kan insiam chhuak mai ang tih a hriat si lova, he technology hi mihringa han hman nghal atan chuan a la hma deuh a ni tiin scientist dangte chuan an ngai. 

CRISPR-CAS9 hian natna tam tak min um bo sak dawn nge mihring maksak tak emaw natna hrik mak tak, tunlaia hrileng Covid-19 aia natna hlauhawm a rawn chhawp chhuak dawn zawk tih hian ngaihtuahna a ti thui em em a ni.