Hâlpuah hâl ang u

A kamkeuna

Kan naupan lai chuan kan rethei si, rethei hle mah ila mihring ve tho kan nih avangin mi neih ang engkim neih ve vek kan duh tho va, mahse, kan nei zo ve si lo. Krismas zan leh kumthar zana hâlphuah hâl ri kan hriatna apiang kan pan a. Thingtlangah chuan hâlphuah hâl thei chin chu chhungkaw khawsa thei deuh an ni tlangpui a, keini ang duang chuan kan neih ve phak loh avangin Krismas tuk leh kumthar tuk khawvar veleha mi hâlpuah hâlna hnua a puak bâng zawn khawma hâl ve ṭhuai ṭhuai kha kan chan tawk a ni mai. Hâlpuah ni sâa pho ṭan ṭhat loh leh hnâwng deuhte chu a tlêpa hâl ṭhin ni mah se, puak kim lo a tam ṭhin ém avangin hâlpuah hâl tuka a puak bâng zawnga chuh chak apiang kan vannei mai ṭhin. Hei vang hian kan tlaivar ve peih loh changte hian vârtianah thovin hâlpuah puak kim lo zawng rêng rêngin kan vak kualin kan hmanhlel ṭhin.

Hâlpuah hâl hi a ri kan hre tlang leh vek a, a hâltu tan danglamna tehchiam awmin lang lo mah se, a hâltu ngei nih kan châk ṭhin. Thil ṭha tih kawngah chuan a titu leh mawhphurtu nih kan châk ṭhin. A puah rin viau phei chuan kan hawi champ a, kan intitheiin nuam kan ti hle ṭhin. A nei zo deuhte ningnawi vanneihpuia inchhek-arbawmna mai ni mah se, kan hringnun kha a hlim phah ve hle ṭhin.

A lo chhuahna

Hâlpuah hi Song lalram rorel BC 960–1279 hun lai khan China ramah a lo chhuak ṭan nia ngaih a ni. China hovin BC 206–AD 220 inkar vela an tihchhuah nia sawi a awm bawk. Sapho chuan cracker emaw firecracker emaw an ti a, Hindi chuan ‘pataakhe’ an ti. Halpuah hmasa ber chu mau hnah hmanga siamin meiah an paih lut a, a puak ri ṭuk ṭuk a, chuta ṭang chuan siam dan an lo thiam chho ta zel a ni.

Kum 800 C.E. vel khan Chinese alchemist-te chuan saltpetre, sulphur leh charcoal-te an chawhpawlh a, silai hlo, silai zên (gunpowder) an siam a. He silai hlo hi mau-theiah an thun a, meiah an rawh puak ṭhin a ni. A hnuah lehkha-thei (paper tube) hmangin an thlak ta a. Lehkha pan tê (tissue paper) hmangin a dâwt (fuse) an siam tel ta zel bawk. A rawng hi chemical substance hmangin rawng hrang hranga siam chhuah a ni. Kum zabi 14-na vel khan Europe ramah an siam chhuak a, kum zabi 17-naah chuan an lar chho ta hle a ni.

Hâlpuah hi puak thei thil tê tak tê, lehkhaa tuam, muk taka zial hnana puak thei compound dah khawm tel muk tlat a ni. Ri bengchheng tak leh thawm tam tak siam chhuak thei tura duan a ni. Hâlpuah hi propellant, binding agent, coloring agent, magnesium emaw, aluminum, sodium salts, strontium nitrate or carbonate, barium nitrate, copper salt, charcoal emaw carbon form dangte hmanga siam a ni. Tin, hei bakah hian perlite powder, magnesium aluminum alloy, titanium powder & brim stone aṭanga siam a ni bawk. Puak ring deuh tur chuan cardboard emaw plastic hmangtea nghet tak leh muk taka tuam tlat a ngai ṭhin. Tin, halpuah hlauhawm zualte chu barium acetate, sulphur dioxide, potassium nitrate hmanga siamte hi an ni.

India rama halpuah siamna factory hmasa ber chu kum zabi 19-na lai vel khan Calcutta-ah din a ni a, a dintu hi Gopal Mahindram a ni. India rama halpuah leh halmawi siamna hmunpui ber nia ngaih Tamil Nadu khawpui Sivakasi-ah hian halpuah siamna hmun 1,150 vel a awm a, ram chhunga hâlpuah leh hâlmawi siam chhuah zinga 70% vel hi Sivakasi-a siam a ni a, hna thawktu nuai 4 vel zet an ruai mek nia ngaih a ni. India hi khawvela hâlpuah siamtu lian ber pahnihna a ni bawk. Halpuah tuamna kawr bihchianin Sivakasi production plant address, Tamil Nadu chu a inziak deuh vek ang. Tunah tak phei chuan he khawpuiah hian hâlpuah siamna factory 8,000 vel a awm tawh a, mi nuai 8 velin hna an thawk mek nia chhut a ni.Eng nge a ṭangkaina?

Hâlpuah hi milem pathian beho chuan thlarau sual hnawhchhuahna, kum thar lawmna, vanneihna dawn theih nana malsawmna leh kum thar lo awm tur lawm taka lo hmuahna atana hmanraw ṭangkai takah an ngai. Diwali laia thil hmuhnawm ber pakhat chu hâlpuah hâl ri leh hâlmawi chi hrang hrang êng mawi tak takte hi a ni. Chûngte chuan vân boruak a tiêng mai ni lovin, hlimna leh nun bul ṭan tharna a entîr bawk niin an ngai. An kût ni hrang hrang lawm nan leh a ropuizia tihlanna atan, rilru tihzauthauna leh tihengthâwl nan an hmang bawk. Hei bakah hian an kût ni pawimawhah thlarau sualin a tihbuai loh nana hnawhkianna hmanraw pawimawh tak niin an ngai bawk.

Muslim sakhaw hotu Maulana Abdul Wakeel Qasmi, state secretary, Ittehad Ulema-I-Hind chuan, “Hâlpuah hi a puak ri ringawt ni lovin, hâlpuah hmanga sumdawn leh a hlawkna têl pawh hi khap (haraam) a ni,” a ti. “Mi dang thil tih hi kan ngaihtuah ber a ni lo va, Muslim tan chuan khap (haraam) a ni ngei ang,” a ti. Islam hian ni pawimawha hâlpuah hman khapna nei lo mah se, sakhaw dang kût hmanpui hi pumpelh an tum tlat ṭhin. Hâlpuah leh hâlmawi hi Kristiannain a khap lo va, a thlawp hran lo bawk. Dik tak chuan Pathian thuah hian hâlpuah hâl chungchang sawi a awm lo. Mahse, kum thar leh Krismas lawm nan Kristiante hian hâlpuah an hâl ṭhin.

Hâlpuah hâl hian boruaka rannung chi hrang hrang, mihring tana hlauhawmte thlengin a that thei a, a ṭangkai phian. Tin, tunlai technology hmanga ralthuam hlauhawm siamnaah pawh hâlpuah hian hmun pawimawh tak a luah bawk.

A ṭhat lohna

Meikhû hian boruak leh mihring hriselnaah nghawng ṭha lo tam tak a nei a, chung zingah chuan boruak bawlhhlawh lutuk hâlpuah hâl aṭang hian particulate matter (PM) an tih chi a awm a, chu chu thâwk lakna atan harsatna siamtu a ni. PM hian khuh, lung a tina thei a, thawchham (asthma attack) a thlen thei bawk. Tin, lung natna nei sa a tizual thei a, lungphu châwl, tlûk thut, lung cancer leh thih hmana a thlen thei bawk. Khawvel lum chhoh zel dan thlirin hâlpuah khu hian boruak lumna, carbon dioxide leh gas ṭha lo dangte chu boruakah a paih chhuak a, chu chuan khawvel lumna a belhchhah nasa hle ṭhin.

Bengchheng (noise pollution) a thlen nasa hle a, hian bengngawnna hial a thlen thei. Hâlpuah thawm ri ring lutuk hian mihring hriselna a tichhe thei , kum upa lam tan lungphu châwla thihna a thlen thei a ni. Hãlpuah, sparkler leh bottle rocket-te hi hâlpuah chi hrang hrang zingah hliam thlentu tam ber a ni. Hliam thlentu tam ber chu kângmei a ni a, taksa peng hliam tam ber thlentu a ni. Kângmei chhuahtu hlauhawm tak a nih theih avangin in kâng, ram kâng, ár pûl leh mihring siam chawp chhiatna (man-made hazard) ṭha lo tak, thihna hial thlentu a ni. Tin, a hâlna hnu kâwr lehkha leh thir themte hi bawlhhlawh hnawmhnawk a nih avangin leimin siamtu a ni a, a ṭha lo hle.

Hâlpuah khap a ni

Supreme Court thupek ang chuan hâlpuah hi zan dar 8-10 inkarah chauh hâl theih a ni. Inkaihhruainaah hian faina chu ngaih pawimawh ber nia tarlan a ni. Bench chuan enforcement mechanism tihdanglam chungchang pawh a tarlang tel bawk. Tun hnaia Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 hnuaia siamṭhat a nih hnuah environment bawhchhiatna avanga kum 5 thleng lung ina tàn theihna tur leh Rs 10,000 aṭanga Rs 15,00,000 thleng chawitir theihna a tel. Mahse, heng hremnate hi implementing rules siam a nih rih loh avangin hman theih a la ni lo va, hei vang hian Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) dan chu awmze nei lo a ni ta rih a ni.

India state eng emaw zatin boruak bawlhhlawh dona atan hâlpuah hâl dan (regulation) khauh tak an kalpui a. Delhi-ah khap tlat a ni a, Bihar leh Maharashtra state-te chuan ni pawimawh lawmna hun hman karah boruak quality humhalh nan darkar bituk chhungah pawh hâlpuah hâl phal chin hãl pawh an khap bawk. Kum 2017 October thla khan Supreme Court chuan Delhi-ah halpuah a khap a, hei vang hian industry chuan cheng vaibelchhe 1,000 zet an hloh tih an sawi a, hna aṭanga bân tawk an tam phah hle bawk. National Green Tribunal (NGT)-in kum 2020-a NCR biala hâlpuah zawrh leh hman khapna tura thupek a chhuah hnuah Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) chuan green crackers siamin, raw material bawlhhlawh tichhe tlem zawk a hmang a ni.

India rama state eng emaw zatin hâlpuah khap emaw, hman theih hun, thawm bengchheng siam lo chi hman ngei ngei tur a ni. Heti chung hian kum 2020 khan Diwali hman nan hâlpuah tam tak hman a ni a, chumi hnu lawkah Delhi khawpui boruak bawlhhlawh chu World Health Organization-in him nia a ngaih aiin a let 9 chuang zetin a sang zawk a ni. Aaratrika Bhaumik chuan kum 2021-a Diwali leh Kali Puja lawmna puala West Bengal state pumah Calcutta High Court-in halpuah (green firecrackers telin) hman khapna a siam a. He khapna hian kum khat chhunga kût awm zawng zawng, Chhath Puja, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Diwali, Dasera, Krismas leh kumtharte a huam vek a ni.

CSIR-in raw material thianghlim zawk aṭanga green crackers a siam hian emission a tihtlem phah a, boruak chhe chhuak (emission) 30%-in a hniam zawk a, halpuah pangngai decibel 160 ai chuan decibel 110-125-a ri zawi zawk a ni bawk. Mahse, green cracker-ah hian boruak bawlhhlawh, aluminium, barium, potassium nitrate leh carbon-te chu a la awm reng.

Delhi sorkar chuan Delhi khawpuia boruak bawlhhlawh sang chho zel tihziaawmna turin halpuah chi hrang hrang siam chhuah, dah khawm, hralh leh hman tihtawp a lo rel tawh a. Kum 2022 September thla khan BJP aṭanga MP Manoj Tiwari chuan Delhi sorkar lakah thubuai siamin Supreme Court-ah a thehlut a. Tiwari chuan, “Sakhaw zalenna hi inlaksak theih a ni lo,” a ti. Supreme Court chuan petition chungchangah hian thubuai ngaihtuah duh lovin, “Mipuite hian boruak thianghlim hîp phawt rawh se," tiin thubuai hi a hnawlsak a ni.

SC chuan mipuite hnenah pawisa chu hâlpuah leina aiah sweet lei nan hmang turin a ngen bawk. Kumin October 31, 2024 Diwali zan dar 12 khan Delhi khawpui ri bengchhen zawng chu 94.5 dB(A) leh boruak thianghlim tehnaah 300 AQI a tawng thleng a, mihring hriselna atan a hlauhawm hle a ni tih DPCC chuan a tarlang.

A tlangkawmna

Mihring hriselna atana hâlpuah ṭhat lohzia kan hre ta. Hâlpuah hi reagent hrang hrang hmanga siam a nih avangin a khu hîp luh hi mihring hriselna kawng hrang hrangin a nghawng chhe thei hle. Abikin natna benvawn–thawhah (asthma), áwmná (bronchitis), lung ná, kal ṭha lo, pneumonia, allergy, sinus veite tan a ṭha lo zual hle. Hâlpuah hâl khap a nih hma khan kum tin hâlpuah khu nghawng ṭha lo avangin naupang kawṭhalo vanga thihna a thleng ṭhin a, âr pûl hri pawh a leng ziah ṭhin. Hâlpuah khap a nih hnuah erawh hetiang hi a reh duak tawh.

Krismas leh kumthar thlah hun a lo hnai leh ta. Aizawl khawpui boruak thianghlim tehnaa India ram puma pakhatna 29 AQI ni mek hi 50 AQI thlenga min dah hniamtu tur hâlpuah khu hian min tibuai lul lo se. Chutiang bawkin, ri bengchheng tehna mihring beng tlin tawk 60-70 dB(A) aia sang uchuak 80-93dB(A) thleng kan tawng ang tih a hlauhthawnawm hle.

Chuvangin, Krismas lawm nan leh kumthar thlah nana hâlpuah leh hâlmawi chi hrang hrang hâl leh tura ngaihtuahna rilru hi paihbo hmak thei ila a van tihzia dawn êm! ‘Hãlpuah i hâl ang u’ tih ai chuan, mipui venghimtu police-te leh NGO hrang hrang leh sawrkar hian inthurualin heng hâlpuah leh hâlmawi mihring hriselna atana ṭha lo tak takte hi theihtawpin vai khawmin man ila, mihring tana pawi lo thei tur ang bera tihriral (dispose) nghal zel ni se, Zoram mipui kan lo hrisel zawk ngei ang.

- Dr. C. Lalrampana