INDIA-PAKISTAN BUAINA LEH CEASEFIRE

India leh Pakistan buaina chu May ni 10, 2025 zanlaiah ceasefire hmangin tihtawp a ni a, ram pahnihte chuan silai hmet puak tawh lo turin inremna an nei a ni. Prime Minister Modi chuan India leh Pakistan inkahhai (ceasefire) puan chu ceasefire ni lovin, hmalakna kal lai chawlh lailawkna ang chauh a ni tiin a sawi a. Pakistan ram chhunga firfiak buzawl zawng zawng kan luhchhuaha kan tukzal hnuah chauh hmalakna kan chawlhsan thei ang tiin a sawi bawk. Foreign policy lama mithiamte pawn India leh Pakistan ceasefire puan hi ceasefire dang lakah chuan a danglam deuh tih an pawm a, lehlam ve vein an hmalakna an chawlhtir lailawkah an ngai a ni. Chumi chu rilrua dah chungin India leh Pakistan buaina leh ceasefire puan tawhte sawi ho i han tum teh ang.

THUHMAHRUAI

India leh Pakistan inkar buaina hi hun rei tawh tak, independent kan hmuh hun lai aṭanga lo inṭan tawh a ni a. Ramriah sipai vawi eng emaw zat an innawr a, silai puakin indona hial pawh a thleng ṭhin. Indona titawp turin ram pahnih hruaitute’n ceasefire an puang ṭhin a ni. Cesaefire huang chhungah thuthlung (treaty) leh inremna (agreement) ṭha tak tak sign ni mah se, remna leh muanna tluantling a thlen chuang lo. Kum 1947-a Pakistan-in firfiak pawl Kashmir-a a rawn tirh luh aṭang khan tuna buaina kan hmachhawn ang hian India a la chen chilh ta reng a. Hemi hnu kum 1965, 1971 leh 1999-ahte India leh Pakistan an indo a, a hnu kum 2001, 2002 leh 2003-ah kan sipaite ramriah indo mai thei turin an inrálring bawk. Mahse, vawi eng emaw zat ceasefire puan hnu pawn tun ang boruak duhawm lo kan hmachhawn hi a ngai leh ṭhin.

KARACHI AGREEMENT

India leh Pakistan chu British sawrkar aṭanga zalenna pek an nih khan, Jammu & Kashmir hi mahnia ro inrelna hrang nei thei tura zalenna pek a ni a (Mountbatten Plan-1947). Pakistan chaun anmahni zawm ve turin a sawm a, mahse, hnawl a nih avangin J&K chu an lal Maharaja Hari Singh kut ata hnehchhuh tumin hma a la ta a ni. Sipai pangngai tir lovin Kabalis hnam ho chu J&K rûn turin ralthuam nen a tir ta a. Maharaja Hari Sing mangang chuan India puihna a dil a ni. Kum 1947-a India-Pakistan inkar buaina chu 1949-ah ceasefire puangin Karachi Agreement sign a lo ni ta a. Indian chuan awmze nei takin agreement-in a huam chin tura an duh thil an lo duang lawk a; chung zinga pakhat chu ceasefire line siam a ni. Chu hmalakna kal zel chuan ramriah Line of Control a rawn siam chhuak ta a ni. India khan Pakistan duh dan ni lovin ama duh danin thuthlung a duang a, chu chu Pakistan hnehah pawm turin thurawn a pe a. Ram pahnih sipaite’n an pelh theih loh tur chin a duan Ceasefire line awmna tura a ruahman Pakistan-in a pawm theih hnuah chauh ceasefire a remti a ni.

TASHKENT DECLARATION

Kum 1965 June thlaah India leh Pakistan chuan independent hnua ram pahnih indona hautak ber an hmachhawn a. September thlaa ceasefire puan chu Tashkent Declarationin-a chhunzawm a ni. India kha kawng engkimah a chungnung em em a, sipaite pawh an kel sa kanna bêl nen Lahore khawpuiah an inbengbel hman a nih kha. Chuvangin, Pakistan khan duh thlan tur a nei lo va, phûr lo em em chungin Tashkent Agreement a sign a ngai ta a ni. Tashkent Agreement hnuaiah ram pahnihte’n ceasefire puana sipaite indo hmaa an post-a hnuh kir, ram inpek let, mi mante inhlan chhawn, leh tharum tel lova buaina chingfel turin an inrem a. A pawimawh ber erawh chu, he inremna thuthlung hi India-in a duh dana a duan a ni a, a tihlawhtling bawk a. Ram pahnihte’n lehlam ram sawrkar inrelbawlnaa inrawlh lo tur leh buaina chawk chhuak thei tur zawnga hmalakna laka inthliarfihlim turin inremna an nei bawk.

SHIMLA AGREEMENT

Kum 1971-ah Dhaka nau piang tur chuan Bangladesh Liberalization War a rawn chhuahpui a. Loh theih lohna avangin India a tel ve a ngai ta bawk si nen, Tashkent Agreement sign hnu kum 6 lekah India-Pakistan indona a thleng leh ta. He indonaa India hlawhtlinna pawimawh ber pakhat chu ram pahnihah Pakistan ṭhen hrang a ni a, Bangadesh a piang ta hi a ni. Pakistan tlawm hnuah ram pahnih hruaitute chuan lungrual takin Shimla Agreement an sign. Shimla Agreement pian chhuahnaah hian ram dang an inrawlh lo va, ram pahnih inkara inremna a ni. Bilateral agreement a ni a, a awmzia chu–ram pahnihin anmahni inkara inremna an kalpui a ni. Shimla Agreement-a chiang taka chuang bawk chu, ram pahnihte’n buaina an neih reng rengin ram dang inhnamhnawihna (US, Russia, leh a dangte) tel lovin anmahni inkarah chinfel dan an ngaituah ang tih a ni. India hruaitute khan an duh chin an hre chiang a, chumi tihlawhtling tur chuan hma an la a; Shimla Agreement thu ken tel ho kha a tak ram a lo chang thei ta a. Ngun taka kan thlir chuan he inremnaah hian India dinhmun a chungnung zawk em em tih kan hmu thei ang. Hei hi a ni kan duh dan leh kan tana ṭha tur ngaituah rân chunga ceasefire kalpui tih awmzia chu.

KARGIL WAR LEH CEASEFIRE

Kum 1999 khan Kargil War a chhuak a, India leh Pakistan chu an indo leh ta. Hetih hun lai hian US President Bill Clinton kha India leh Pakistan inkara buaina chingfeltu nih tumin a phusa em em mai a. A chhan ber pawh Pakistan hruaitute khan Clinton chu India nena an buaina chinfelpui tura palai hna thawk turin an sawm châmchi a ni. Mahse, khatih laia India Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee huaisenzia kha India mipuite’n kan hriat reng a pawimawh awm e. Parliament-a all party meeting-ah, “Pakistan hruaitute chu Washington-ah zuk thlawk thlain White House-ah Bill Clinton an zuk hmu a. Clinton-a’n mi rawn call a, Pakistan hruaitute ka bulah an awm a, i rawn kal ve dawn em, tiin mi rawn zawt a. Ka kal lohzia mai tur chu. Khatianga Pakistan hmalakna khan kawngro engmah a su dawn hlek lo. Kan rama dan lova sipai an rawn luhtirte hnûk kir se la, firfiak hmangin buaina rawn siam thawh lo bawk se la, keini pawn indo kan titawp mai ang,” tiin a sawi siah siah mai a ni. Ruling party member chauh ni lo, opposition lam nen kut an beng dur dur mai.

July 1999 a inher chhuah meuh chuan Pakistan chu a tlawm ta a. India sipaite chuan Pakistan sipaite’n dan lova post an luahte chu an hnehchhuh leh vek a. Mumal taka ceasefire inremna awm lo mah se, Pakistan inhnuhdawhna khan indona chu a tawptir ta a ni. India-in a duh ber a ram chin a la let leh a, Pakistan sipaite an ram chinah an inhnûk lêt bawk. Ram dang hruaitu rawn inrawlh ngai hauh lovin ram pahnihte’n an buaina an chingfel a ni.

OPERATION PARAKRAM

Kum 2001, 2002 leh 2003-ah ram pahnihte indo thei dinhmunah an ding leh a. December 13, 2001 khan silai keng Pakistan firfiak pawl pakhat Jaish e-Mohammed intite’n India Parliament luh chilh tumin an bei a nih kha. India chuan a chhân lêt nan Operation Parakram a kalpui nghal a, sipai 5,00,000 zet India-Pakistan ramriah a tir nghal a. Pakistan lam lah engmah inhnamhnawihna an neih loh thuin ṭan an khawh tlat mai a. International organization hrang hrangte chuan Pakistan thlavâng hauhin, India chu indona thleng thei tur zawnga hmalakna nei lo turin thurawn an pe a. USA, UK leh ram dangte pawn ram pahnih hruaitute chu khawvela remna leh muanna a awm theih nan inbengdai turin an ngen bawk. Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf chuan Pakistan-in ramri kâna firfiaka chêtna tibo tur leh firfiak pawl hrang hrangte nuaibo tura hmalakna a kalpui tur thu a puang a; chumi hnuah India pawn ramria sipai a dahte chu zawi zawiin a hnuk kîr leh ta a. India-in operation a kalpui a, a duh anga boruak inher danglam a hmuh hnuah hmalakna a titawp chauh a ni.

Ram chak leh thil ti thei zawk US leh UK te khan India kha nasa taka nawrin, an duh anga inremna siampui turin thurawn an pe a, mahse, India chuan a duh anga thutlukna siam a nih theih nan huaisen takin a din tlangpui ngam. Mahse, kum pawh a vei hma 2003 khan Pakistan lamin Line of Control pêla sipai an rawn dah avangin ram pahnihte chu laipui hmangin an inrâlsai leh ta dup dup a. Pakistan chuan a ze ngai bawk chhuah lehin, UN General Assembly remchanga lain ceasefire neih a rawt châmchi mai a. India Prime Minister Vajpayee chuan Border Peace Initiative hnuaiah President Musharraf rawtna chu a pawmpui ta a ni.

Kan sawi tawh aṭanga lang chiang em em chu, Pakistan chuan vawi 100 chuang ceasefire min sign-pui pawh ni se, India laka an chêt lakna a titawp maiin a rinawm loh. India tana buaina chawh chhuah hi Pakistan mizia leh nungchanga bet tlat, reh tawh ngai lo tur a ni. Pakistan chuan India angin mipui thlan sawrkar dik tak a nei ve lo a, an sipaite kutah thuneihna sang zawk pek a ni. An hna pawimawh ber chu India tibuai tura firfiaka che tur mi eng emaw zat training pek a ni. A sawrkar angin ceasefire sign in, inremna ang hial nei ve bawk ṭhin mah ila, hotu an inthlak a, India tana buaina siam bawk a rawn thupui ber leh ṭhin.

OPERTION SINDOOR LEH CEASEFIRE

Pakistan sawrkar tirh firfiakte’n April ni 22, 2025 khan Pahalgam-ah silaiin tourist 26 an kap hlum a. He râwvâ taka chetna chhâng lêt turin India chuan May ni 7 zan aṭangin Operation Sindoor a kalpui a nih kha. PM Narendra Modi chuan Pahalgam-a thite thisen a thlawna a luan loh tur thu leh firfiaka chete luhchhuah a, an phu tawk hemna pek an nih hma chu tui, khawmual leh boruakah India-in hmalakna a ṭhulh loh tur thu a au chhuahpui dum dum a ni. Mahse, kan inrin hma hauh May ni 10 zanlaiah India sawrkar thupuangtuin India leh Pakistan sawrkar hruaitute’n ceasefire an puan thu mipui hriat turin a puang a; chu mai ni lo, US President Donald Trump chuan ceasefire awm theih nana hma latu ber a nih thu zêp lovin a sawi chhuak bawk. Khatih laia tam tak rilrua zawhna lo lang hmasa ber chu, Shimla Agreement kha bawhchhiat a ni ta em tih hi a ni.

Tun ṭum buainaah hian thil dang pawimawh deuh dang chu, opposition lamin engtin nge an dawnsawn tih hi a ni. Sashi Tharoor tih loh chu opposition leader zawng zawng deuh thaw an reh ṭhiap mai a. Tharoor pawh opposition MP ni chungin ruling party thupuangtu emaw tih mai tur khan sawrkar thu leh hla a amen pui dup dup mai a nih kha. Rahul Gandhi leh opposition leader dangte chu hmuh tur pawh an awm lo. Kan politician-te ai chuan independent journalist ṭhenkhat khan opposition mawhphurhna an rawn hlen chhuak ta daih zawk a. India sawrkarin Jammu & Kashmir-a venhimna (security) a kalpui dan te, terrorist ho luhchhuak vek tura insawi si khan eng vanga a vulhtu Pakistan nen ceasefire puang ta mai nge an nih tih zawhna leh, eng vangin nge Shimla Agreement kalha US inrawlh remti ta nge an nih tih zawhnate an au chhuahpui a ni.

TLANGKAWMNA

Indona hian ram leh mipuite tan thil ṭha a thlen ngai lo a; kan ram hruaitute pawn indona pumpelh zawnga hma an la hi an finzia leh an ngaituah thuizia a lang. Amaherawhchu, he buainaah hian thil pawimawh deuh deuh pali ngaituah tur a awm.

Pakhatnaah chuan, PM Modi-a'n ceasefire tak tak ni lovin chawlh lailawk a ni a tih tak hi eng a sawi tum ni ang? A chhan chu hun kal tawh kan chhui let chuan India leh Pakistan buaina hi rei lo tê reha rawn alh chhuak leh zel ṭhin a ni a. Chuvangin, chawlh lailawk a tih hian ram pahnih inkarah inremna tluantling a la awm mai dawn lo tih a tichiang viauin a lang. Mipuite’n tun ṭum chu firfiaka che ṭhinte an reh vang vang tawhna tur khawpin kan sawrkar a thawk chhuak ngei dawn e tia kan lo beisei kha a kan hmu thei dawn ta lo. Kashmir mipuite’n remna leh muanna rei tak an lo beisei tawh chu hun eng emaw chen an la nghah leh rih a ngai dawn bawk a ni.

Pahnihnaah chuan, hun kal tawha India-Pakistan buaina chinfel a nih tawhnaah India duh dan a lal zawk ṭhin. Buaina a reh phah chu kan ti hauh lo, mahse, inbiakna a awm a, India khan inremna thuthlungah a duh ang takin thu a zam a, chu chu Pakistan hnenah pawm turin a chhawp chhuak ṭhin kha a ni a. Mahse, tun ṭum inremna thlen danah erawh Pakistan leh a sangawizawnpui America chuan ruahmanna an siam a, chu chu India lamin a lo pawmpui hmak mai niin a lang. Pakistan duh danin ceasefire a hlawhtling a, IMF aṭangin US dollar 1 billion funding an la dawng dawn bawk. He inremnah hian India-in eng nge a hmuh let a, hlâwkna a têl ve le?

Pathumnaah chuan, Operation Sindoor hnua ceasefire kalpui danah chauh hian a ni lo maw kan ram hruaitute’n India tana ṭha tur dah pawimawh hmasa zawk lova thutawp an siamna awm chhun. America palaina an pawm avangin Shimla Agreement chu bawhchhiat a lo ni ta a. Kashmir buaina chingfel tur chuan US an tel ve zel a ngai dawn chauh ni lovin, America kutah Kashmir buaina hlan chhawn a ni ti ila kan sawi sual tam awm lo ve. Kan buaina zawng zawng hi Pakistan lam chawh chhuah leh bul ṭan vanga awm a ni. Chuvangin, a tawp khârnaah chuan a tisual zawkin an sual man an hmu ve tur a ni. Kan ram hruaitute’n India duh dan au chhuahpui hmasa lova Pakistan ceasefire rawtna an lo pawm ngawt mai hian nakin zelah India tan kih hnawk thenfai tur tam tak a la siam ve thei tlat a ni. Eng vanga Operation Sindoor kha Indian hian kalpui nge a nih, eng nge a tum, eng nge a hlawhtlinna, tih zawhna chuan chhanna mumal tak a nei thei tlat lo.

A palinaah chuan, opposition-te’n an mawhphurhna an hlen zo lo lutuk leh an ngawi thei lutuk hian zawhna tam tak a siam. Kan sipai huaisen tak takte leh mahni nunna hial ram tana hlante kan chhuang a, an râl rêl thiam zarah khawvelin India dinhmun sang takah a hmu mek a ni. Chutih lai mek erawh chuan, kan political leader-te thutlukna khan mipui rilruah zawhna tak tak a siam ve thung a ni. 

- Dr. Lalmuana Guite & Dr. Lallawmzuala Khiangte
Assistant Professors, Department of Political Science,
ICFAI University, Aizawl