Addict?

Ngawlvei (addict) awmzia?

‘Addict’ kan tih hian eng nge kan rilruah awm? Rukru, awm ṭha duh lo, chhungte timualphotu, mi pawisawi, adt., a ni ngei ang. An tana ṭha ber duh awm ang hrima kan ṭawng liam ṭhin laiin, an chunga kan rilru puthmang erawh thu dang daih a ni chawk: hnawk kan ti a, kan ni tin nun tikhailak lo tura dah bo kan duh ṭhin, kan khawtlang fai leh thianghlim anga lang tura kan duh avangin. Kan dah bo khawmna ber hmun pakhat pawhin chuti ang chu thil awm dan a nihzia nemnghetin, ‘Kan rawn chhuah dawn’ tih ang ṭawngkam an rawn hmang a nih kha.

A ṭanpuitu tur berin hriatthiam a tum loh chuan kan vanduaina kan tawng baw zo ang a, siam ṭhat zawh loh khawp harsatna kan la insiam palh ang tih pawh a hlauhawm rum rum a ni. Chuvangin, eng nge kan tihsual? Heti ang khawtlang buaina thuhlaah hian khawvel hmun dangah ram hrang hrangin engtin nge hma an lak tawh ṭhin? Thiamna sang zelah zirna pawh ban phakin a awm hnai ta deuh deuh a; chuti ang kan hamṭhatnate chu addict-te kan bawihsawm leh chhawnchhaih danah hian kan hmang ṭangkai em? Hengte hi zawhna pawimawh tak tak an ni.

‘Eng nge tih kan tum?’ tihah han chiang phawt mai ta ila. Addict-te hriatthiam tum a, anmahni nena inchiahpiah khawtlang chu engtin nge kan thawi dam theih ang, tih hi kan tum chu a ni ber mai awm e. Chu lam dungthul chuan khawvel hmun hrang hrangah hma an lo la nasa tawh hle a ni. Kum 2020-a ‘Neurobiology of Addiction’ tih ziahah chuan, ngawlveina (addiction) chu thluak thawh dan buai (brain disorder) a ni tih finfiahna a lang chiang em em a. Hriatna thazâm (neural pathways) chu heroin leh alcohol-in an thlak reng a, mihring nuam tihna (dopamine) thluakin a siam a, chumi chuan a hnathawh tichhe vek thei khawpin mihring ngawlvei chu a inthlaktir vek thei a ni. Chuti ang rilru put hmang hial thlak hlawk thei ngawlveina chuan mihringin a ‘duhthlan theihna’ (choice) chu a tinu ta phût mai a. A tana ṭha tur pawh thlang hlei thei lo, hre reng chung pawha a tlûkna ngai bawka tlu nawn awn awn fo ṭhin, thil ṭha lo ngawlvei mi (addict)-ah mi a chhuah ta ṭhin a ni.

Thil thlen dan tur: Hremna nge tuamhlawmna?

Kum 2001 khan Portugal sawrkar chuan drugs zawng zawng a ram mite’n an hman theih turin a hman phalna dan a zàm thar (legalize) a. He an dan siam thar hian khawvel hrang hranga mite thin ṭhawng hle mah se la, an history ngunthlûk taka kan en chuan, cartel leh drugs lampanga buai reng renga ram luhai an nihna zawnah, drugs palzam mai chu an tana dan ṭha ber, loh theih loh thil a nihzia kan hre fiah hle thung ang. He dan an zam nachhan ber ni awma lang hi han sawi zui ta ila, a awm hliah hliah a ni. Portugal sawrkarin a luhaina a inhriatthiam danah chuan, a ruk a rala miin (druglord ten) an tawlh rûk ṭhin chu titawpin, black money tam tak chu a nuai bo mai ang a. Tichuan, a tel loa an awm theih loh drug chu a hluar dawn rau rau a nih chuan, dan ang thlap leh therhlo tel hauh loa palzam mai chu ṭha a ti ni awm tak a ni. Tichuan, addict-te chu dan bawhchhetute (misual anga kan chhuah) aiin, damlo (patient) tiin an sawi dante an thlak chho ta zui a. A hnu lawk kum 2021 khan an dan zam thar an en let thuai a, chipchiar taka zirchianna a rawn chhuak zui bawk, palzamna dan thar (legalization) chuan kum 2001 khan Portugal chuan drugs zawng zawng an hman phalna dan a siam thar (decriminalization) a ni.

He policy thar hian:

1. Drugs manna chu adminis-trative offense (remna dan) a lo ni ta a, crime a ni tawh lo.

2. Dissuasion Commission-ah hruai an ni a, hemi hmunah hian doctor, psychologist leh social worker ten addict-te enkawlna tur an sem.

3. Harm reduction program te (e.g. clean syringe, safe injection center) an kalpui.

A hma lama thil thleng:

Kum 1990s hma lamah chuan heroin addict 1% (mipui 10 lakh chhungah) an awm.

Drug avanga HIV veina 60% a ni (European average aia sang 10x).

Decriminalization hnu (2001–2015) a hlawhtlinna:

HIV veina: 1,430 (2000) atanga 352 (2008) a tla.

Drugs vanga thi: 131 (2001) aṭanga 20 (2008) a tla.

Jail-ah drug vanga mi: 3,863 (1999) aṭanga 1,200 (2017) a tla .

A hnu lama buaina (2015–2025):

Overdose thi: 20 (2008) aṭanga 74 (2021) a piang.

Chhan chu:

Fentanyl leh nitazene ang synthetic opioids an rawn inlar.

Program budget cut: €82.7 million (2012) aṭangin €17.4 million (2021) a tla.

An dan zam thar leh an enchhinna chuan addict-te an enkawl, dawnsawn leh tuamhlawm danah rah ṭha dang dang a chhuah zel a. Khawtlang ṭhenkhatah leh mi tam berin kan tihdan a ni ang chu, hmun hrang hranga addict-te misual ber leh ṭawmkailo, khawtlang tana hnawksaka chhuah zui ṭhinnaahte chuan chung ang mite chungthu ngaihtuahna chuan an thil tihsual avanga hremna te, tihhrehawmna te, hmun hrehawm tak taka dah khawm leh khung hran te a hring tlangpui. Portugal ramah ve thung erawh chuan addict-te chu kutthlak leh hrem satliah mai tuar loin, an ngawlveina chu thawi dam a, siamṭhat tumin rehabilitation method lam an hawi thung a ni.

Punishment (inhremna) kan tih hi han sawi zau leh deuh hlek ila. Mi tu pawhin dan palzuta pawi a khawihin hrem dan chi hrang hrang a awm a. Chung zinga kan hriat lar tak leh hman pawi kan tih loh tak chu retributive punishment kan tih, a tihsual ang chiaha thil tisualtu thungrulhna hi a ni. Chung ang inhrem dante chu a Pathian thu lohzia hi sawi tam pawh a ṭul kher awm lo e. Chuta chhapah, heti ang inhrem dan hi hmasang ata tawh a thawk chhete eih ngai lo a ni. England rama rukruk a hluar em em laia rukrute kut an tansak emaw, a aia naa an hrem ṭhin lai pawhin rukrukna kha a bo phah chuang lo a nih kha.

Tin, inhremna azawnga a fawr ber tih theih tur, capital punishment a awm leh bawk a, chu chu thi tura inhremna tihna tluk a ni. Khawtlang emaw, sawrkarina miin pawi thuk tak khawih nia a hriat chu thihna khawp hial hremna a pek theihna dan zam hi capital punishment chu a ni a. Drug kaihhnawiha chuti ang inhremna hmang lar leh fawr ber pawl chu Lee Kuan Yew-a kaihhruai, Singapore ram kha a ni.

Addict an ngah lai phei kha chuan an clinic-ten heroin tite tan syringe fai leh OD (overdose) laka invenna tur mi thiam doctor leh nurse te an dah a. Jail bang zut aiin mithiamte leh hriatthiam tumte’n an bawihsawm zawk a ni. Kum 1980-90 bawr vel khan Singapore Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew chuan Singapore ramah drug hman leh hralh khapna capital punishment dan khauh tak a zam a. A hlimchhawnah chuan opium leh tip zawrh kual leh mante chu nasa takin a tlahniam a. Nimahsela, hei hian drug thenfai chungchangah rei a daih lo hle. Kum 2021-ah chuan Singapore-in tuilet hnua heorine a tualchhunga a man hnem ber ṭum an tawng hial a ni. Drug hmansual leh chumi kaihhnawiha pawihkhawihna te chu ṭhalaite zingah a hluarin, man (arrest) zingah vawi khat nana man tawk an tam em em a. Hei hian dan khauh tak hnuaiah pawh mamawhna a bo phah chuang lo a, miin nunna chan hial pawh inhuamin ngawl an vei tho tho tih a lan chiantir em em a ni. Chu chuan a tir lama kan sawi, addiction chuan duhthlanna piah lamah mi a thunun tawh tih kha a lan chiantir leh bawk.

Chuti ang chu thil nih dan a nih si chuan, thi tura inhremna dan angte chuan sawngsawhlawtna pakhat mah a neih lohzia chu mi a nileng tan lo chuan haider theih a ni lo ang. Singapore-in heroine man tam ber ṭum a tawn hma chiah kum, 2020 khan ‘Thingserh’ tih lehkhabu kan ramah a chhuak ve bawk a. He lehkhabu ziaktu hi kan ngaihven a nih chuan, a lehkhabuah leh hmun dang dangah Lee Kuan Yew-a hming hi a lam ri fo tih kan hre ṭheuh awm e. Amaherawhchu, Singapore chanchin hi a in update ṭha chiah lo a ni chawk ang a, a lehkhabuah khian Lee Kuan Yew-a capital punishment fakna ki dawn dawnte pawhin thu a thai kur ve duah a ni.

Chu lam chu duhtawk rih ila, capital punishment aia hlawkthlak leh mihring zawk, rehabilitation bawk hi i han sawizau leh teh ang. Seattle khuaa LEAD program-ah phei chuan, drugs vanga mi an man hnuah jail-a hruai lovin mithiam (case manager) hnenah an hruai ṭhin a. Kar 5 hnuah drug kaihhnawih pawikhawihna (crime rate) chu 60% laiin a tla a ni (LEAD Program, 2023). Hei hian ruihhlo chungchanga kan ṭawngkau chheh duh, ‘Kan rawn chhuah dawn’ ti anga invauna ang kha a vaw thla hneh hle. A tuate mahin kan duh loh ni awm ang hrim, sahuai ang dawn dawn a, ‘lo inring rawh u aw’ ti ang hrima addict-te kan sahuai chhuah laiin, Seattle LEAD programme ve thung chuan, ‘(Addict-te) Kan rawn chhuak thei tawh e’ an ti thei thung. Heti anga tih ve a, mihring anga ngawlveite hmuh ve theih hi a va han ṭha dawn em. Chuti anga kan lawm ve theih nan chuan a tih loh dan tur (inhrem loh dan tur) leh a enkawl dan (rehabilitation) te kan hre tawh a. Tunah chuan a bulṭhut, addiction lo inṭanna leh a chhan dik thei awm ang ber i han bih leh zuai teh ang.

Damdawi dik chawh tur chuan natna bul hriat a ngai

Kum 2012-a Miller&Najavits ten addiction an zirchiannaah chuan, ngawlvei kan tih zaa sawmriat (80%)-te hi hliampui thuk tak tuar (trauma)–naupang nghaisakna/mipat hmeichhiatna dik lo taka hleihlenna (child abuse), tharum thawhna, chhungkaw kehdarhna, adt., chuti ang tuar leh chuti ang background duhawm lo aṭanga rawn seilian vek tih an zir chhuak a. He zirchianna hian ngawlveina chu boruaka rawn inlar thut a nih lohzia, chhungkua leh khawtlanga naupan tet ata tawh zung thuk tak kaih a nihzia a tichiang hle mai. Chung ang zung kaihna (background & context)-te chu haider a, tuna an nihna ang ngo ngoa ngawlveite chu kan chhawnchhaih (treat) dawn a nih chuan, thing zung nget haidera a zar hrang hrang thlak chiam ang kan ni ang. Tin, chung ang trauma nasa tak hmachhawn ṭhin mi an nihna zawnah, an inthawi dam (cope) nana ruihhloa an ṭuan ṭhin te chu kan ṭhuthmun aṭanga kan lo dem chiam a nih chuan, a phena science, thil nihna dik tak hi kan haider tihna a ni. An hliamte chuan thluak inzam kual dante thlengin a thlak tawh a, mahni inthunun chu an thluak leh duh danin a thunun theih piah lam a nih tawh miau si avangin. Damna dik tak chu demna satliah ni loin, heti anga tuarte hriatthiam kan tum a, kan tuamhlawmna hi a ni.

Sawi kim loh kan ngah hle ang. Mahsela, kan kim loh dawn ro ro pawhin–ruihhlo ngaia buai leh ngawlveite kan thlir dan nasa taka kan thlak a ngai a ni tih kan zir chhuah duh loh pawhin, kan ngaihdan neih sa leh tih dan phungte rinhlelhna emaw, duhkhawp lohna nen tal kan kim lo law law a ni ang chu. Kim lo ro ro zinga pawimawh tak: drugs tam tak ngaia kan neih si lai a, a ṭhente kan hmu dik lo leh thliar hrang lutuk bik thinte pawh hi sawi a la ṭul hle ang.

Eng vangin nge caffeine emaw, meizial emaw, kuhva a ni emaw, ngawlveina vek tho ni si hi ngaia kan neih bik theih? Kan hmuh angin khawvel lehlamin heti ang thawi damna lamah hian nasa takin min tlansan mek a, drug dona beihpui dik lohzia, a doa do satliah ringawt chu thil nih dan tur a nih lohzia te an hriat thar deuh deuh laiin (entirnan, Portugal), keini ramah ve thung erawh chuan do (war) leh diriam (demonize) kan lo fawm ve thung. Hei hian Mizoram chu natna vei satliah (ruihhlo doa buai) changah min siam lo a, khawvel danga an thawi dam dan kan entawn duh miau loh avangin, mahnia tlan ve duh lo, ram kebaiah min chhuah ta zawk a ni. Mizoramin ngawlvei (addiction) chungchangah hma a sawn dawn a nih ngai chuan, mi dangte tih dan entawn a, a tih dan phung neih sa thlauhthla a, a tlan ve bek bek ngam a ṭul ta.

References:

Hughes & Stevens (2010), British Journal of Criminology;

Wakeman et al. (2020), JAMA Network Open;

LEAD Program (2023);

Miller & Najavits (2012), Journal of Correctional Health Care 

- Chawngthanmawia, MA Sociology, University of Hyderabad