Modi-a pawisa tih thih chungchang

Sorkar thuneitute’n pawisa hman mek an tihtawp hi ‘demonetization’ chu a ni. Prime Minister Narendra Modi chuan November ni 8, 2016 zanlai aṭangin India pawisa hlutna nei sang ber pahnih Rs 500 leh Rs 1000 chu a hlutna (legal tender) tihtawp a nih thu a puang a. Hei hi a chhan ber nia lang chu eirukna dona, sum chheprelh leh pawisa lem (counterfeit) tam lutuk doletna tur a ni. Chutih rualin, pawisa hlui thi tate hi December ni 30 thleng bank-ah thleng leh dah theih a ni dawn a, hemi chhunga dah hman lo tan pawh Reserve Bank of India (RBI) ah nakkum March ni 31 thleng dah luh theih a la ni dawn bawk. Mizoramah pawh RBI office hawn a nih tawh avangin hemi chhunga dah hman lo tan pawh a dah theih beisei phawt ila.

Sorkarin pawisa a tih thih tawh dan

Demonetization hi khawvel ram dangah pawh sorkarin a kalpui thu hriat a lo ni ve leh zauh tawh ṭhin. Central government hian tun ṭum hi pawisa note a tih thih vawikhatna a ni lo a, a hmasa ber chu kum 1946 January-ah khan niin Rs 1000, 5000 leh 10,000 te chu sorkarin a lo tithi tawh a. Kum 1978 January ni 16 ah Rs 1000, 5000 leh 10,000 note te a ti thi nawn leh a, tichuan November ni 8, 2016 aṭangin Rs 500 leh Rs 1000 chu a hlutna (legal tender) tihtawp a lo ni leh ta a ni. RBI-in pawisa note a siam san ber chu Rs 10,000 note niin kum 1938 khan a tichhuak a, kum 1978 October thlaah Rs 500 note an siam a, kum 2000 November aṭangin Rs 1000 siam leh niin Rs 2000 note erawh hi chu RBI in a vawikhat siamna tur a ni thung.

Eng vangin nge pawisa a thih?

A tum bulpui ber chu sorkar hriat pui loha sum chhep relh, eirukna, helna thila sum hman tihtawp leh pawisa lem tih bo a ni. Pawisa lem (Fake Indian Currency Notes ‘FICN’) hi kan rin ai maha a tam thu mi thiamte chuan an sawi a, heng pawisa lem hlutna nei sang, a bikin Rs 500 leh 1000 te hi eirukna, helna leh smuggling-ah an hmang nasain black money hmanrua ber a ni. Kum 2016 hian Rs 500 note leh Rs 1000 note chevel punna hi 76% leh 109% vel zet nia chhut a ni bawk.

Black money

Black money kan tih chuan dan ang ni loa sum lak luh zawng zawng hi black money a ni. Sorkar phal loh thila sumdawnna aṭanga sum hmuh te, income tax awlruk aṭanga sum hlep te, chhiah chawina tura chhiah pek loh te hi black money an ni vek. Sorkarin a hriatpui miau loh avangin chhinchhiah an ni ve lova, National Income-ah pawh chhut a ni lo.

Tun kum hnih kal ta mai pawh khan sokar hian nasa takin black money tihtawp tum hian a bei nasa a. Special Investigation Team (SIT) te a din a, Mauritus leh Cyprus ram te nen “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement” te ziakin, a bik takin dan loa sum chheprelhna lar ber ram Switzerland nen pawh India mi Swiss bank-a account nei chungchang information inhrilh tawnna tura inremna te ziakin Income Declaration scheme 2016 pawh hman chhoh mek a ni.

Shadow economy

Demonetization-in a tum ber pakhat chu shadow economy tih tawp a ni. Sorkar hriat pui loha bungraw lei leh hralh hmanga economy chevel hi shadow economy chu a ni. Hei hi a chhan ber chu, sorkar khuahkhirhna nasat lutuk avang te, chhiah awl ruk duh vang bakah phal loh thil, zawrh ruk leh ramri kal thelha sumdawn ruk thil vang te a ni.

World Bank-in kum 2010 July-a a chhut dan chuan India rama shadow economy hi kum 1999 ah 20.7% aṭangin kum 2007 ah chuan 23.2% vel zetin a pung. Hei hian economy ei chhia-in sum lengvak a tam avangin thil man sang nasa (inflation) a siam a, mi rethei leh harsa zawkten kan lo tuar na leh ber ṭhin.

Engnge a nghawng ang

(economic consequences)

October ni 28, 2016 thlenga India ram chhunga pawisa leng vel zat chu cheng vaibelchhe nuaih 17.77 vel a ni. RBI Annual Report 2016-in a tarlan dan chuan pawisa note sem chhuah zawng zawng chu 16.42 lakh crore vel a ni a, heta ṭanga 86% vel zet hi Rs 500 leh Rs 1000 note nia chhut a ni. Hei hian Rs 500 leh Rs 1000 note kan hman nasat dan a ti chiang hle.

Mi tam zawkin pawisa kan hman nasat ber tih thih a nih avangin pawisa hman theih a tlahniam nghal a. Ram chhunga pawisa hman theih (money supply) a tlem chuan kan thil mamawh (demand) a lo tlahniam nghal a, chu chuan thar chhuah (production) ti hniamin, hnathawh tur a lo tlem sawt a, hna nei lo (unemployment) an lo pung a, ram eibar dinhmun (economy) in a tuar ta ṭhin a ni.

Demonetization-in a nghawng ber chu mi retheite bawk kan ni. A bik takin thingtlang kilkhawr leh bank awmlohna khua (unbanked village) ten an tuar dawn a ni. Pawisa thleng leh dahna tur bank a awm ve miau loh avangin bank awmna khuaten awlsam taka an thleng theih laiin, bank awm ve lohna khuaten an tuar deuh bik ang. Mizoram chu kan vannei a, RD block 26 ah bank a awm vek tawh a ni.

Cashless economy atan

He hmalakna phena thil pawimawh tak chu cashless economy (pawisa fai tel loa eibar zawnna) hi a ni. Pawisa fai kher hmang loa pawisa in pek (non-cash payment) ah chuan khuahkhirhna siam a nih loh laiin kar 2 chhung (Nov, 24 thleng) account aṭanga pawisa fai lak chhuah (cash withdrawal) ah pawh Rs 10,000 aṭanga Rs 20,000 thleng chauh phal niin, ATM aṭanga lak chhuah theih zat pawh mi pakhatin card pakhat aṭangin Rs 4000 chiah Nov, 19 aṭang chuan a la chhuak thei dawn a ni. Hei hian chiang taka a hrin chhuah tur chu non-cash payment kan tih mai - cheques, demand drafts, credit/ debit card, mobile wallet leh e-payment a tipung dawn a ni. Chu chuan sum chevel lang tlang lehzual aṭangin eirukna a veng ang a, cashless economy-ah kan lut chho tial tial dawn a ni. Amarawhchu, mi zawng zawngin bank account an neih vek theihna turin sorkar hian nasa takin hma la mah se, Mizoramah ngei pawh account nei lo tam tak an la awm avangin leh account nei tawh tan pawh network connectivity bakah harsatna dang te avangin a tak ram chu kan la hlat deuh mai thei. Mi ṭhenkhat chuan cashless economy kan tih fo hi chu mi vangtlang chunglamho (elite) te duhthusam mai a ni ti pawl an awm ve bawk. Chuvangin cashless economy hi hmasawnna huap zo a ni thei em tih ngaihtuah zui ila.

Deposit Mobilization & Lending

Banks chu buai deuh mah se he hma-lakna avang hian bank te pawisa dawn a pun phah hle ang. Engemaw zat la chhuak leh nghal tura ngaih nimahse tam tak chuan an dah chhunzawm dawn a ni.

Hei hian bank-ina mipuite hnena sum a puk tir theihna (credit creation) ah a pui bawk ang. A chhan chu commercial banks te hi an deposit dawn aṭanga credit creation ti an nih miau vang a ni. Bank te hian ram hmasawnna atan an thawk nasa tih kan tehna ber pawh sum an dawn zat aṭanga an pukchhuah tir zat (Credit Deposit Ratio) hi a ni. Tun dinhmunah RBI-in commercial banks ten sum an dawn aṭanga an puk chhuahtir tur zat tlem bera tuk 60% pha lo hi Mizorama Bank tam zawk an ni. Bank hian mipui
aṭanga sum an dawn chuan mipui tan vek an pe chhuak tur a ni, mipui pawhin loan kan la a nih chuan kan rul ngei ngei bawk tur a ni.

Financial inclusion

Financial inclusion chungchangah hi chuan PMJDY aṭanga Stand up India thlengin sorkar hmalakna kan sawi hman lo ang. Mi tu pawh, bank-in hamṭhatna a pek theih la hmang pha ve loten an lo hman ve zel theihna hi sorkar thupui ber pakhat a ni. He demonetization avang pawh hian mi tam tak account la nei loten account neih pawimawhzia an hre chhuak ngeiin a rinawm. Chu ringawt pawh chu he hmalakna phena hmasawnna leh sorkar thil tum pakhat a ni thei awm e. Thingtlang hmun kilkhawr zawkah chuan an khua a bank a awm loh vang emaw account neih pawh ṭul ti lem lo tam tak an awm bawk mai thei, mahse, chungte pawh chuan bank a account neih a ṭulzia an lo hriat theih phah bawk ang.

Direct Benefit Transfer-ah

Kuta sum inhlan chhawn thui lutuk hian eirukna nasa takin a tipung a, account kal tlanga awlsam taka pawisa thawn a nih chuan a dawngtu turin a bo a bang awm loin a hmuh thei dawn a ni. DBT hi sorkarin a ngai pawimawh hle, a chhan ber pawh eirukna tihtlem zelna atana a pawimawh em vang a ni. Tunah pawh DBT kaltlanga payment-ah bituk chin siam a nih loh laiin pawisa fai-ah chuan khuahkhirhna a awm si a ni.

A tawp berah chuan kan ram economy (Gross Domestic Product) mil tawk tura pawisa note hi siam niin, RBI hian uluk takin a vil reng a. Pawisa lem a tam chuan sorkar tan estimate dik a harsa hle dawn a, chu chuan ram tan harsatna a thlen ṭhin. Tin, mi tuten emaw bank ni loa pawisa an chhep relh ṭeuh chuan sumin hna a thawk thei dawn lo a ni. A nihna takah chuan sorkar thlirna aṭang chuan pawisa hi hman tur a ni a, kan hmang lo a nih pawhin bank-ah kan deposit emaw investment-ah kan nei tura ngaih a ni. Chuta ṭang chuan sorkarin kan economy mila currency note kan mamawh belh dan pawh dik takin a chhut chhuak thei dawn a ni. Tuna sorkar hmalakna hi a ṭhatna leh ṭhat lohna sawi tur a awm nual ang. Eng thil pawh hian ṭhatna leh ṭhatlohna a nei vek a, he demonetization hian India ram min nghawng dan tur chu hunin a la hril ang chu.

- Daniel Lalawmpuia

Research Scholar, MZU