Forest clearance leh a behbawm

Tunlaia Mizoram titi luahtu Forest (Conservation) Ammendment Act, 2023 (FCAA 2023) hian inhnialna a titam a, ‘ram hralhna a ni’ tia sawi pawl te, ṭchutiang a ni lo’ tia sawi pâwlte an awm nuk a. Constitution leh dân lam thiamte thlîrna chhiar tùr tih tham fé a awm tawh. Environment mit aṭanga thlirin FCAA 2023 hi kan hlawkpui ang nge kan chhiatpui ang, tih kan bûk thiam theihna turin FCA 1980-in a ngaih pawimawh êm êm, FCAA 2023-in a phalrai chhoh tâk si ‘forest clearance’ (ramngaw ṭhiah phalna) leh a kaihhnawih thil ṭhenkhat kan luhkhung dawn a ni.

Forest chu eng nge ni?

Mizo ṭawng chuan ‘ramngaw’ tiin kan sawi mai ṭhin; thingkung leh thing lam chi tamna hmun tiin a sawi theih mai awm e. UN hnuaia Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)-in a hrihfiah dânin, “Forest/ramngaw chu ram hectare chanve (0.5 ha) aia zîm lo, a ram zau zâwng hmun zaa sâwm (10%) tal thingin a khuh hmun,” a ni. Thingkung tia an chhiar hi India ramah chuan thing bul, lei seh chin aṭanga 1.37 m (4.5 ft)-a sângah teh kuala 30 cm tling chin a ni.

Sawrkar dânah thung chuan, ‘Ngaw hmun tia sawrkarin a chhinchhiah, ramngaw humhalhna dân emaw, Revenue lam dân hmang emawa ramngaw tia chhinchhiah ho hi,’ a ni a; ‘Recorded Forest Area’ tiin emaw, ‘Forest Area; tiin emaw an sawi ṭhin. Ramngaw huam chin lam zirtu Forest Survey of India (FSI)-te’n, ‘forest cover’ tia an sawi leh ‘forest area’ hi thil thuhmun a ni lo tih kan hriat chian a pawimawh awm e. FSI-in ‘forest cover’ a tih chu remote sensing hmanga an zir chian a, thingin a khuh chin hrim hrim ram zau zâwng sawina a ni.

Forest clearance awmzia leh pawimawhna

Ngaw ṭhiah a, thil dang – hmasawnna ruhrel emaw, ram venhimna kaihhnawih thil eng emaw, leilung hausakna laih chhuahna tûrin emaw, ngaw ni loa siam a nih dawn hrim hrim hian forest clearance (FC) lâk a ngai ṭhin. Hmasawnna hnathawh pêng hrang hrangin ramngaw a tihchhiat rup lohna tûra kaihhruaina mumal tak hnuaia ngaw ṭhiah hi FC-in a tum ber a ni. He kaihhruaina hrang hrang hnuaiah hian pawimawh leh langsâr tak tak a awm a, chûngte chu – Compensatory Afforestation (CA), Net Present Value (NPV) leh ramngaw an ṭhiahna hnuhmain environment-a nghawng a neih theih tûr tihziaawm a ni.

Compensatory Afforestation (CA) hnuaiah hian an thing kih ang zât an phun lehna tûr, ngaw an tihchhiat ang hmun danga an siam lehna tûr sum leh pai sawrkara an chhun luh dân tûr kaihhruaina mumal tak a awm a. Net Present Value (NPV) hi a hun lâia sum leh pâi zâwnga teha ramngaw an ṭhiah hlutna an châwi zât tûr sawina a ni. Heng bakah hian an thing kih sâte hnathawktute’n an hman riral khapna leh leivûng thehthang dân tûr kaihhruaina khirhkhân tak mai te a tel bawk. Leivung paih dân bîk hi kan chhui zui ang.

FC hnuaia leivûng paihna tur hmunhma thlan dân leh enkawl zui dân (Consolidated guidelines and clarifications – FCA 1980, FCA 2023): Kawng laih kaihhnawiha hman tur kaihhruaina te, hydel project-a hman tur te, in sakna atana hman tur te, hmasawnna hnathawh tur azirin kaihhruaina mumal tak a awm hrang vek a, a tlanglâwn hetiang a ni.

Leivung paihna tûr hmunhma: Ramngaw chhûnga leivûng paihna hmun (spoil bank/muck disposal site) siam hi khap bur a ni a, engti kawng pawha pumpelh tur a ni. Ngaw hmun pâwn lamah remchâng a awm ngang lo a nih chuan ngaw huam chin chhûnga thing awm lohna hmun a ni tur a ni.

Hnathawhna hmun hnâivaiah leivûng paihna: Leivung an paihna lama thlauh palh an neih loh nan te, lirthei veivâk dang an tihbuai loh nan te, kawng khu nasa pumpelh leh lei ṭhîl a darh nuaih loh nante hnathawhna hmun hnâivâi, ramngaw pawn sî-ah leivung paihna hmun hi siam ṭhin tur a ni.

Leilung pianhmang leh lei ngheh dân: Leivung paihna hmun hi a lei a nghet tur a ni a, lei min leh chêin a tihbuai loh hmun a ni tur a ni. Awih bakbahâi ni lo, leivûng paihte a thlang lui leh kawr, kawngpuiahte a tawlh liam mai theih lohna tur hmun a ni tur a ni.

Lui tui leh kawr: Leivung paihna hmunah hian lui luang a awm tur a ni lo a, kawrtê tui luanna emaw, dîl emaw a khuh tur a ni hek lo. Tui luangin a ṭhuah mai theih hmun a ni tûr a ni lo, hei hian luia nungchate chênna a tihbuai theih avangin pumpelh tur a ni.

Mihring chênna hnâi pumpelh tûr: Leivung paihna kaihhnawiha vaivut khu, thâwm bengchheng leh mihringte hriselna tibuai thei hrang hrangte pumpelh a nih theih nan FC hnuaia leivung paihna hmun hi mihring khawsakna hnâiah a awm tur a ni lo.

Tuaithar theih hmun: Leivung paihna hmun hi ramngaw din thar leh theihna tur hmun remchâng a ni tur a ni a; lei a muk theih nan te, a min lohna turtein ruahmanna mumal tak siam tur a ni. Tualṭo thing leh mau te phun a, ramngaw tuaithar leh theih ngei nan buatsaih tûr a ni.

A dâwl zo ngei tûr a ni: Hna thawhna hmuna leivungte dâwl zo ngei tûr hmunah chauh leivung paihna siam tur a ni.

Enkawl zui dân tûr ruahmanna: Leivung paihna hmun hi a tlo zâwkna tûrin ruahmanna mumal tak siam tûr a ni a. Lei dâwlna nghet ṭha tak – retaining wall leh gabionic structure (thirlên hmanga lung fûn rem khâwm) bâkah, lei tawlh tur vênna atan chhawrdawh te siam theihna hmun remchâng a ni tur a ni. Leivung paih sate uluk taka chîl muk tur a ni a, chutiang tih theihna atan chuan remchâng siam ngei tûr a ni.

Hmalâknaah rêng rêng eng ang pawhin FC nei se, ramngaw an tihchhiat leh chereu hlen tâk hi a ngai reng a ni tih kan hriat tel a pawimawh. Chutih rual chuan, FC hmanga thu delh kilh mumal tak neia ramngaw ṭhiat an nih avangin an fimkhur deuh nge nge a, chhiatna nasa zâwk a thlen loh nan awmze nei leh mumal zâwkin ngaw an ṭhiat a, hun duh rei deuh mah se, an tihchhiat hû ngaw dang siam leh theihna tur sum leh pai an chhung lut tel bawk.

Forest Clearance leh Environmental Clearance – danglamna leh inlaichînna

Environmental clearance (EC) hi Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1986-in a phût anga tih ṭhin a ni. Hmalâkna engpawh, environment tana pawi thei tûr ang chi hrang hrangte tihziaawm a nih theih nan leh siamṭhat lehna tûr hmalâkna a awm theihna tûra duan a ni. EC hi FC aiin a khirh lehzual a, FC-in a phût piah lam ken tel tam tak a nei. Ramngaw kaihhnawh hmalâkna tura EC nei turin FC zuan kahlên theih a ni lo a, FC Stage-1 tal pal tlang a ngai.

EC nei tur chuan Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) tih ngei a ngai a, Environment Management Plan (EMP) neih ngei a ngai bawk. EIA hi hmalak an tum dânin environment-a nghawng a neih tur zirchianna a ni a. Ramngaw a tihchhiat dan tur te, thing leh mau, thlai leh hmunhma a tihchhiat tur mai bâkah, nungcha a tihbuai dan turte zir chian hmasak a ni ṭhin. Mei khu leh vaivut khu te, ri bengchheng leh hnâwmhnawk a siam dan tur te, hnathawhin mihring leh nungchate chenna a tihchhiat a, a chîm buai dan turte uluk taka zir chian hmasak ṭhin a ni. Hnathawh tur kalhmang azirin kaihhruaina chi hrang hrang a awm tel bawk.

Environment Management Plan hnuaiah hian hmalâknain environment-a a nghawng tur hrang hrang tihziaawm theihna tur te, hnathawh kal lai endik a, environment tibuai thei thil hmalâkna an nei em, an intiam angin an fimkhur em, tih en dikna tur te, tute nge hma la tûr, tihte ruahman lâwk ṭhin a ni a; chutianga hma la tur chuan EMP hian thuneihna a pe ṭhin.

FC hian ramngaw ṭhiah kher ngaia hmalâkna chin a huam a, EC chuan huam zau zâwkin ramngaw leh ngaw lo pawh a huam thei thung. Târlan tawh angina, hmalâknain ramngaw a khawih tel dawn chuan EC dîl hmain FC stage-1 tal an neih a ngai.

Forest Clearance hi a hnawk em?

FC nei tur hian sum leh pai leh tha tam tak sên a ngai a, hun a duh bawk. Chuvâng chuan hmasawnna hnathawh a timuangin a tiṭhuanawpa ngaihna a lian hle. Bawhchhiate man chhuah an nihin a hremna a na hle bawk. Chuvang chuan mi tam takin an ngaitheilo a, awm lo tawp se tih hi an duh dan a ni.

FC tel loa hmalakna avangin Chalfilh tlânga tourist hmun tura ruahman chu dah ṭâwl a ni a, ṭhiahna thupêk pawh chhuah a ni tawh. FC nei loa Riverine Reserve area-a NIT, Mizoram sakna kaihhnawihah Higher & Technical Education Department chuan hremna na tak an tuar a, Penal NPV Rs 1,92,20,732 an chawi phah dawn. FC nei tur hian a bul aṭanga bei lehin, FC dilna kaihhnawiha an châwi tûr ngai an châwi chhunzawm tho dâwn bawk a ni.

Tun hnaia Mizorama hmasawnna hna thawh langsâr tak mai – kawngpui zauh hna aṭang hian zir chhuah tur chiang tak kan nei awm e. FC leh EC mumal nei loa hmalâkna avangin leivung paihna hmun bik mumal a awm lo a, chu chuan kan lui tui nasa takin a tichhia a, kawngpui dunga huan lo ramte leivungin a chhilh nasat avangin ram neituteṭn nasa takin an tuar. Leivung paih dan mumal lo avangin Tlawng lui leh Mizoram luipui tam tak, kawng laihna hnaivaia mi chu a nu kumtluan ringawt mai a, luia nungchate’n an tawrh piah lamah khawpuia chêng mihringte in tur siak chhuah tlâk loh khawpa nûin a awm kum tin ta mai a ni.

India leh Bangladesh ramri hung tura hmalâk a nih khan Dampa Tiger Reserve pawh a huam tel a, EC lakna turin EIA survey team-ah ka tel ve hlauh nghe nghe. Mumal taka EC la tura hmalâk a nih avangin ramsate veivahna tûr ‘Wildlife Corridor’ pawh pasarih siam tura ruahman a ni a, corridor pakhat hi km 1-a thui zel a ni a, Dampa Sanctuary huam chhûnga ramri hung tura ruahman kha km 63 vela thui a ni.

EC-in a phût angin Aizawl Lunglei World Bank Road phase-2, Thenzawl leh Lunglei inkarah hian leivung paihna spoil bank 50 chuang a awm. He kawng dungah tho hian Phase-1 lamah, thlai vâng tak mai, khawvel ram danga mang titih tawh a awm avangin ‘Sumsuih leh Hmuifang’ inkâr kawng pawh a kual kîkâwi phah ta nguai mai a ni. Kawngpui laihna tura sum petu World Bank-te’n ramngaw an ngaih pawimawh em avanga laih mar an phal loh kha tûn hnaiah a ram neitute zawkin kan lai mar chho leh ta mek thung!

Forest Clearance tel lo chuan

FCAA 2023 chuan ‘Ram venhimna leh hmasawnna kaihhnawih thil hrang hrangah FC lâk kher a ngai lo’ a tih tâkah chuan, hmasawnna leh ram venhimna chhuanlama hnathawktu turte’n FC buaipuina tura sum leh hun tam tak an sen ṭhin an lo pumpelh thei dawn ta a. Leivung thehthangna hmun bik siam leh enkawlna atana sum an sente pawh a ngai dawn ta lo niin a lang (Guidelines lamah an bilh leh thut a nih loh chuan!). Leivung paihna senso hrim hrim pawh a tlahniam bawk ang. Hnathawktute an hlâwk sawt ang a, hmasawnna hnathawh pawhin a chak phah sawt tak tak ngei ang.

Chutih rual chuan, heng kan ramngaw venhimna pawimawh tak bawhchhetute na taka hrem theihna FCA 1980 chu dan thar, thiangzâu zâwk FCAA 2023-in a lo luahlan tâkah chuan zalên takin, hlâwk lehzual tumin hna an thawk ngei ang a. Ram venhimna emaw, hmasawnna ruhrel emaw chhuanlama ngaw an ṭhiah hunah thing an kih a, nungcha awm chhun ang angte ûm ṭiau an nih piah lamah, an hmalâkna hnuhmâ – leivung leh hnâwmhnawk an thehthang danah phuartu a bo dâwn tihna a ni ta a. Kan rama lui tui tam tak hi chhilh bo a ni ang a, luia nungchate pawh phûm bo an ni dawn tihna a ni mai awm e. Lui tui leh dîl te (surface water) chhilh bo a nih chuan hydrological cycle thlengin nghawng a nei ngei ang. Kan ruah tui dawn dan phung a danglam phah hial mai thei. Chutiang a thlen chuan ruah tuia innghat thlawhhma enkawla ei zawngtute thar chhuah thlengin a nghawng ngei ang.

Leivung paihna hmun khuahkhirhna mumal awm loh avangin lei min leh sabereka khuangkaih tipungtuahte pawh a la chang hial thei. Leivung paih duhdah avangin ramhmul tam tak chhilh bo a ni ang a, chûng ramhmul leh hnimte tlâna eitute an lo rêm ang a, chûng ramhmul leh hnima innghatte chaw atana hmang ve leh chhâwngtu ramsate chu thah kher ngâi lovin an la rêm thuai ngei ang. FC tel loa hmasawnna hna thawh hi hmasawnna khingbâi thlentu a ni ngei dawn tih a chiang. Chuvang chuan, environment tarmit aṭanga thlir chuan FC mausâmtu FCAA 2023 hi dan huatthla la tak chu a ni phawt mai. 

- Dr David C Vanlalfakawma,

Department of Forestry, Mizoram University