Bangladesh-a Chinlung mite ram (Kuki-Chin/West Chinland)

Kum 700 liam ta khan kan pi pute kha ni chhuahna lama kan ram ‘East Chinland’ aṭangin kan ram zauh turin ni tlakna lamah an kal chhuak a. Eng emaw lai phei kha chuan Indian Ocean-a Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh an thleng hial. Tunah hian Bangladesh tlang rama Chittagong Hill Tracts-ah an awm khawm a, chutah chuan Pahari tih emaw, Kuki tih emawin an hria a, chu chu ‘tlanga mi–of the hill’ tihna a ni. Shendu (shin-du tia lam) tihte pawhin an ko thin a, chu chu Chin-mi tihna a ni. Tunah hian Kuki tih emaw Kuki-Chin tih emawin an inko a, rorelna hran ‘Kuki-Chin State’ neih tumin an bei mek. Bangladesh-a Chinlung mite ram hi West Chinland tihte pawhin an ko, ni tlakna lam a nih avangin.

British East India Company leh Indian subcontinent-a lalte inkarah kum 1764 khan Battle of Buxar indona a chhuak a, British-ho an chungnung zawk a, August 16, 1765-ah Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II leh Lord Clive ten inremna ‘Treaty of Allahabad’ an ziak. Kha inremna hmang khan British-ho hnenah Diwani (chhiah khawn theihna) chu Bengal, Bihar leh Orissa-ahte pek a ni.

Bangladesh

Area: 1,48,460 sq.km.

Population:17,58,00,000 (nuai 1758)

Bengali: 98%

Mi dang: 2%

Sakhua

Muslim: 91.04%

Hindu: 7.95%

Buddhist: 0.61%

Christian: 0.30% (5,27,400)

Mi dang: 0.12%

Division: 8

Barisal (Barishal)

Chittagong (Chattogram)

Dhaka

Khulna

Mymensingh

Rajshahi

Rangpur

Sylhet

District: 64

Subdistrict: 495

Chittagong Division

Area: 34,529.97 sqkm

Population: 3,32,02,357 (nuai 332)

Bengali Muslim: 90%

Bangladesh-a division lian ber a ni a. Chittagong Division hi ram ni ta se, mihring tam lama tehin khawvela ram lian 44-na a ni ang.

Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT)

British-ho khan kum 1860-ah Chittagong Hill Tracts an la a, Bengal hnuaiah dah lovin Calcutta atangin an enkawl. Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulation of 1900 hmangin he lai hmun hi excluded area-ah puan a ni. Chittagong Hill Tracts hi Government of India Act, 1935 hmangin hamthatna bik, ‘fully excluded area’ dinhmun pek leh a ni a, British Governor-General enkawlna hnuaiah dah a ni. He excluded area hi a ram leilung hausakna leh a ram leilung fate humhalhnan’a siam a ni.

August 14, 1947-ah Indian subcontinent, India leh Pakistan (East leh West) ten independence an hmu a. Chittagong Hill Tracts chu Pakistan hnenah pek a ni a, ni chhuahna lam East Bengal pengah dah a ni. Kum 1955 khan East Bengal chu East Pakistan tia thlak a ni a. March 26, 1971 khan East Pakistan chuan independence hmuin a hming pawh Bangladesh tia thlak a ni. Khata ṭang khan Chittagong Hill Tracts chu Bangladesh peng a lo ni ta a.

Pakistan hnena Chittagong Hill Tracts pek ni August 17, 1947 hi CHT ram leilung fate chuan ‘Black Day’ atan an hmang a. Muslim ni lo tam berna hmun a nih avangin India-a tel ve an inring a, an khawpui Rangamati-ah pawh India flag an tar hial a ni.

Pakistan danpui pahnihnaah, Excluded Area Status chu ‘Tribal Area’ tiin 1962 khan siamthat a ni a. Mahse, kum 1963-a danpui siamthatah paih leh a ni. Chittagong Hill Tracts Treaty 1997 (Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord) chu Bangladesh sorkar leh Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts), Chakma rorelnate chuan December 2, 1997 khan an ziak a. Vanduaithlak takin he inremna hian Chinlung mite tan rah ṭha a la chhuah ngai lo.

Population: 18,42,815 (nuai 18)

Area: 13,295 sq.km.

District: Bandarban, Khagrachhari, Rangamati.

A zau zawng hi ram pum zau zawng atangin 10% a zau a ni.

Kum 1860-a British-ho an luh khan he lai hmun hi tribal area pathum heng: Chakma, Mong (Marma) and Bohmong (Marma)-ahte an then.

Chittagong Hill Tracts-a tribal hnam 11-te chu Asho (Khyang), Bâwm, Chak, Chakma, Khumi, Marma, Mizo, Pangkhua, Mru, Tanchangya leh Tripura te an ni.

Chittagong Hill Tracts-a hnam hlawm lian ber chu Bengali niin mi 9,00,000 an ni a, a mi cheng 50% an ni. A pahnihna chu Chakma niin mi 3,00,000 vel an ni a, pathumna Marma (Arakan) 2,20,000 vel leh palina Tripura 1,50,000 vel an ni. CHT-a tribal hnam lian ber chu Chakma niin Buddhist deuh vek an ni a, Hindu an awm bawk. Bangladesh ram puma Chakma awm zat hi mi 5,00,000 vel an ni. Chinlung mite hi pangana niin hnam tlem an ni.

Chittagong Hill Tracts-a sakhaw hrang hrangte

Muslim–44.5%

Buddhist–41.7%

Hindu–9.18%

Christian–3.26%

Mi dang–1.30%

Chinlung mi

Chittagong Hill Tract-ah hian kan pipute kha hun hran hranah kawng hran hran zawhin kum 1300 velah an thleng ṭan a. A ṭhen chu Arakan lam atang te, a then chu Lushai Hills lam atangtein an kal. Bangladesh-a Chinlung mite hi mi 1,00,000 vel an ni a, Mru (Mro) hi a hlawm lian ber an ni. CHT buaina avanga tlanchhia tam tak chhiar tel loa kum 2022 census-a population tlangpui:

Asho: 4,826

Bawm: 13,193

Khumi: 3,780

Mizo: 380

Mru: 52,455

Pangkhua: 1,857

Uppu: 650

Kuki-Chin National Front (KNF)

University of Dhaka-a Fine Arts zir chhuak Nathan Hlawnceu kaihhruaiin Kuki-Chin National Development Organisation (KNDO) chu November 9, 2008 khan Ruma, Bandarban district-ah a unaupa Vanchunlian Hlawnceu-te nen an din a. A tir atang rêngin Kuki-Chin mipuite khawtlang nun leh sumpai dinhnun chawikanna atana din a ni.

A hming hi Kuki-Chin National Volunteers (KNV) tiin 2016 khan thlak a ni a, chumi hnuah tuna a hming Kuki-Chin National Front (KNF) tih hian 2017 khan thlak leh a ni. KNF-in a tum chu Rangamati district leh Bandarban district-a subdistrict (upazila) pakuaa Chinlung mite tana mahnia inrelbawlna leh inenkawlna hran Kuki-Chin state din a ni. KNF hian ralthuam keng Kuki-Chin National Army (KNA) neiin kum 2022 atang khan thil lian tham a thawk ṭan.

Peace Accord of 1997 hnuah, Marma-ho thlawp ralthuam keng heng Arakan Liberation Party (ALP) leh AA (Arakan Army)-te chu Kuki-Chin ramah an hrang ṭan a. Chinlung mite rubovin a tlanna sum tam tak an phut a, an inte suasamin an nun an tiralṭi hle bawk. Chinlung mite hian zirna, hriselna, hmasawnna leh sorkar hmalakna hrang hrangah harsatna an tawh bakah international NGO ṭanpuinate pawh anni aia tam zawkten an dawn khalh zel a ni. Peace Accord hnuah Chittagong Hill Tracts-a zirlaite hi Australia sorkar leh United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)-te pawhin scholarship an pe thin a, mahse, a tam ber Chakma-te’n an hui vek ṭhin avangin a tlem zawkte’n chan an nei ve ṭhin lo. Chakma zirlai tam ber chu anmahni sum engzat mah seng lovin ram dang Australia-ahte lehkha zirin an kal ṭhin. Hei vang hian Chakma-ho hi CHT-a a thleng sang ber an ni, Bengali-ho ai pawhin an literacy rate a ṭha zawk.

Chinlung mi chen tamna Bandarban district-a Ruma khuaah hian sorkar damdawi in, school leh college-te din bawk mah se, helai hi Bangladesh-a hmun hnufual ber pawl a la ni reng tho. Zirlai tam ber chu Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Sylhet leh hmun dangahte an kal chhuak a; mamawh phuhruk nan kum 2002 khan Dhaka khawpuiah Dhaka Bawm House din a ni.

Kuki-Chin State

Chinlung mite hian Myanmar leh India-ah mahnia inrelbawlna hran state kan nei a, Bangladesh chiah hi kan la neih lohna ram awmchhun a ni.

Bangladesh-a Chinlung mite hian Bengali bakah Chakma leh Marma (Arakan)-te lak atangin enhranna leh nêkchêpna an tawk nasa hle a, hei vang hian anmahni chenna huang chhungah inrelbawlna hran an sual ta a ni. Kuki-Chin State demand area hi Chittagong Hill Tracts chanve vel 6,647.5 sq.km vela zau a ni. Chungte chu, Rangamati district-a Baghaichari, Barkal, Belaichari leh Jurachari te, Bandarban district-a Ruma, Thanchi, Lama, Alikadam leh Rowangchhari te a ni a, a vaiin subdistrict 9 ni. A zau zawng hi Mizoram state hmun thuma ṭhena hmun khat vel a ni.

Bangladesh-a Chinlung mi zinga 97.8% chu Lai (Hrumtung/Hrumsawm), chal chung/chhipa sam zial an ni a, 2.2% chu Mar (Tukbemsawm), tukkhum lama sam zial an ni. Bangladesh-a Chinlung mite hi India mai piah lamah Myanmar-a Chinlung mite nen mi inang chiah an ni a. Myanmar-ah Chin tia koh an nih tho avangin, huam zau zawkin Kuki-Chin tih an ni. Kuki-Chin leh Kuki-Chin National Front-a a meizang hlaptu leh an hruaitute hi Bâwm group an nih avangin Bâwm chungchang tlem azawng han tarlang ila.

Bawm Group/Community

Bangladesh-a cheng Lai hnam zinga mi Bawm Group chawr chhuahna hi Halkha leh Falam inkara Hranhring, Mangkheng, Tiphul leh khaw dangte a ni a; heng khuate hi Sunthla huangchhung Sunthlapi-a awm an ni. Sunthlapi hi Hlawnceuho hmunpui a ni a, Hlawnceu hi Lai lalte zinga pakhat a ni.

A unaupa Kipkual Hlawnceu khan Sunthla hmunpui leh a chhiah khua 35-te nen a rochun a; hei vang hian kum 1770 vel khan Vanhnuaitlir Hlawnceu chu a pa Sunthla lal Chiahtinkhar Hlawnceu in atangin an ram zauh turin a kal chhuak a ni. Sunthla, Fartthawk leh Falam te hi khaw thuhmun, koh dan hrang a ni.

Hlawnceu hian hmunpui pahnih Sunthla leh Tlauhmun an nei a, a hnuah Tlauhmun hi Zahau hmunpui a ni ta a ni. Hauhulh leh Zahau hi unau pianghmun niin, Hlawnceu hi an cousin a ni a, hei vang hian an vaiin Zahau Hlawnceu titein an sawi ṭhin. East Chinland-a Hlawnceu khuate chu–Sunthla, Tlauhmun, Mangkheng, Thlânrâwn, Hmunpi, Laizo, Zamual, Lenhai, Tikual, Tiphul, Hranhring, Rulbu, Dawn, Tiahdai, Tili leh a dangte a ni.

Vanhnuaitlir khan hmathlir a nei a, chu chu Tlanglianpi (Tlanglianpui)-a rorel a ni. A kal chhuah khan kum 1772-ah Dawn khua a din a, 1773-ah Sangau leh Pangkhua a din leh a, Ticawng (Tuichawng) lui leh Tlabung kânin tuna Chittagong Hills Tracts lo ni ta hi a thleng. Bangladesh-ah ram a din a, Tlanglianpi a sa a, a hnuah Rengtlang tiin a thlak leh. Rengtlang hi Saical (Saichal) tlangdunga awm a ni a; rêng hi zu bel sawina a ni. Kum tin December 1 hi 'Hlawnceu Lal Ni' atan an hmang thin.

Sunthla atanga Rengtlang a kal khan Suan hmanga siam thutthleng hniam Ngendothiang a keng a, hei hi Burmese lalin a pa Chiahtinkhar Hlawnceu hnena a pek a ni. A hnuah a tupa Thingtu Hlawnceu ngennain a thlan Rengtlang atangin laih chhuah a ni a. Ngendothiang hi Vanhnuaitlir atanga chhuan 5-na Mangling Hlawnceu fate hnen Lawngtlaiah tunah a awm.

A khua leh tui Bâwm, Pâng, Tlanglau, Mru (Miria), Khumi te kha hmun hran hranah an kal darh a, an awmna apiang kha Hlawnceu lal ram a ni ta zel a. Tuna Mizoram state-a Chakma Autonomous District Council hi Hlawnceu lalram ni reng thin leh la ni reng a ni a; a hmun enkawltu lal chu Tlanglau/Vandir an ni.

Vanhnuaitlir khan a lalram chhunga Marma (Arakan), Tripura, Matu leh mi dang bakah Indian Ocean-a Cox's Bazar thlengin chhiah a la thin a. Ṭum khat, a lalram a fannaa zu bel rêng a hmuh chu a inah a hawn a. A lalna tlang Tlanglianpi pawh he bel hming chawi hian Rengtlang tiin a thlak. Reng hi Laiho zu bel hming pakhat a ni. Khuang vawi thum a chawi a; in lian tak, thuk (tapchhak) 9 awm a sa a, mi 60 an cheng thin. Laiho hian zawlbuk ang chi in an nei ngai lo va, tlangvalho kha roreltu leh mi hausate in lianah an riak khawm thin.

Kum 1820-a a thih hnuah a fapa Liankung Hlawnceu a lal a, Liankung hun hi British-ho nena an intawnna hmasa ber a ni. Kum 1841-ah British-ho khan Liankung hi koin, ram neitu nihna lehkha an pe a, chumi a haw chu Marma/Mogh (Arakan) lal Pamang chuan bumin a thil in turah tûr a telh a, nikhawhreloa a awm laiin lehkha chu a laksak. Ina an haw hnuah a thi ta a ni. A thih hnu hian a fapa Tialkhar Hlawnceu a lal.

Tialkhar Hlawnceu hian nupui pahnih neiin, a nupui hmasa zawk chu Mangkir Cinzah a ni a, a pahnihna chu Bawmnu Darvang a ni. Darvang laka a fapa Rolian Hlawnceu hnehah Mru hnam leh an khuate leh a awpna hmun Lungziaktlang a pe a, a thuhmun Rengtlang chu a nupui Mangkir Cinzah nena an fapa Thingtu Hlawnceu a pe. Tialkhar hi a dam rei lo va, kum 1841 atanga 1852 chhung chauh ro a rel.

Thingtu hi naupang, rorel tur chuan la nau tak a ni a, a pu Liankung an hrai hlum ang kha a chungah a thleng ve ang tih hlauin, a puitlin hma chu a nu Mangkir Cinzah chuan Hlawnceu lalna khua tho Sangauah kal bopui a tum ta a ni.

Mangkir Cinzah hi Thantlanga Cinzah lal fanu a ni a. A pianpui unau, Bawitetlang (Saiha)-a Hlawnching (Hlawnchhing) lal nupui chu anmahni hruai turin a chah ta a. Lal leh Mathipi leh Nutlai hnamten an zuk hruai ta a ni. An kal hma hian, Hlawnceu Lalram enkawl hna chu Rolian Hlawnceu kutah a hlan.

Rolian Hlawnceu hnena Mangkir Cinzah thuchah hi Chinlung khawvela lalnu emaw hmeichhia emawina an thuchahah chuan rorum ber leh thiltithei ber a ni hial ang. Chu thu chu, “He Hlawnceu Lalram leh an chhiah khua, kan pu Vanhnuaitlir Hlawnceu dinte hi kan thang hlana min chuhpui an awm chuan, kan khawpui Sunthla (Falam), Thantlang (Cinzah) leh Zahau (Tlauhmun) ten an rawn that vek ang,” tiin. An awm loh hlan khan, Hlawnceu Lalram chu him takin a awm ta reng a ni. Hei vang hian, Bangladesh-a Hlawnceu Lalram chu, Bangladesh-a Chinlung ram a lo nih phah ta a, chu chuan Chittagong Hill Tracts-a Kuki-Chin State ngiat theihna a hringchhuak ta a ni. Kuki-Chin area hian Chittagong-a Karnaphuli lui a thleng.

Thingtu khan fapa pali Haihmung, Taitthio, Tialerh leh Vanhnuaitlir te a nei a. Taitthio hi Bangladesh-a Hlawnceu Lalram enkawl turin Rengtlangah a let leh a. Saikah khua dinin, chu chu British hunlaia Arakan Hill Tracts-ah a awm. Arakan Hill Tracts hi Arakan Ram tihna ni lovin, British-hoin an rorelna tura an phuah mai a ni. A fapa Lianvai Hlawnceu hunlai hian British-hoin Bangladesh an la. Thingtu fapa upa ber Haimung Hlawnceu hian kum 1879-ah Lawngtlai khua a din.

Bawm group-ah hian Sunthla, Panghawi, Tlanglau leh Bawmlei awmin, hetah hian chi peng tam tak an awm. Bawm hi Lai laka hnam peng a ni lo va; Saiha (Mara, Zophei adt.) leh Lawngtlai (Lungzarh, Khuafo, Sunthla adt.) te ang thoa Lai hnam chhunga group pakhat a ni. Bawm group-a chi pengte hi India-a kan hriat sa vek heng Aineh, Bawitlung, Cinzah, Bunghai, Fambawl, Fanchun, Hauheng, Hlawnceu, Hlawnching, Khenglawt, Ramlawt, Sakhong, Thihlum, Tlanglau, Tuallawt, Vandir, Vanphawng, Zahau, Zathang leh a dangte an ni.

Tun dinhmunah, Bangladesh-a Chinlung mite hian inbiakna tlanglawnah Bengali an hmang mek. Bawm, Pangkhua leh Mizote hi an inbe tawn thei a, Pangkhua leh Mizote hian Bawm ṭawng an thiam. Asho, Khumi, Mru leh Uppu te nen inanna nei leh inlaichin kual vek an ni a. Mru sentence structure hi Subject Verb Object (SVO) a ni a, a dang zawng hi Subject Object Verb (SOV) a ni. Bawm ṭawng hi Lai ṭawng a ni.

Bangladesh-a Chinlung mi zawng zawngte hi an awmna hmun ṭheuha an pian chhuahpui ang angin Kuki-Chin an ni vek a, tu mah hi mi dang aia Kuki-Chin bik an awm chuang lo. West Chinland hi East Chinland nen chi leh tawnga inthlunzawm lehzual an nih avangin, an kutah thui tak an innghat.

- Zohma Chinzah. 8731993887