Environmentalism hi

Environmentalist inti tur hianin kan inpe phal vek awm e, amaherawhchu, a awmzia tak hi kan hre chiang lo niin a lang. Environment humhalh duhna mai bakah va hriat thiam a, hun kal tawh te leh beihpui thlak a lo nih tawh dan te hian kan hriatthiamna a tivar thei turah ngai ila, han sawi nual phawt teh ang.

Environmentalist-te hi extremist nihna hnawna puh hi a nasa tial tial emaw tih tur a ni a, amaherawhchu, a lo ni bik hauh lo. Extreme tiha puh hi kum zabi 20 pawh khan a nasa em em tawh a, deusawh leh ngaihthah nan hman a ni nasa hle.

Chico Mendes-a kha Amazon-a labor organizer a ni a, environmentalist-a inchhál tawh phawt chuan kan ngaisang awm e. Anmahni indigenous ram kih fai a, agriculture lam emaw animal husbandry emaw atana then fai tumna khan a nek chep em a, an hnamin kum za chuang an lo enkawl tawh ram te kha kih fai veka pawisa siam nan company lian ho leh state ten an bei a ni. Mendes-a chuan kuthnathawkte nen ṭangrualin a theihtawp a chhuahpui a, a tirah chuan thing leh nungcha chiah humhalh tuma sual kha a hnampuite thlavang hauhin indigenous lamah a rawn awn a, a tawpah chuan mihring tinte tana beihpui thlak a ni tih a inhrethiam ta a ni. He beihpui thlakah hian Chico Mendes hi hlawhtling hle mahse 1988 khan thah a ni a, environmentalist thah tam takte zingah a hming a tel ta a, a hmasa ber a ni lo a, a hnuhnung ber a ni hek lo.

Ramachandra Guha khan a lehkhabu ‘Varieties of Environmentalism’ ah khan mi retheite environmentalism (of the poor) entirna atana fiah ber chu Chico Mendes-a seingueiros (Brazil) te, Chipko movement leh Narmada Bachao Andolan te kha an ni e a ti.

Global Witness zirchiannain a tarlan dan chuan kum 2024 khan mi 146 lai mai ram leilung dikna chanvo leh environment humhimtute chu thah an ni a ti a, kum 2012-2024 chhung hian a vaiin mi 2253 zet thah an ni bawk.

Eng vangin nge heti ang zat zat environmentalist-te thah an nih tih hi zawhna pawimawh a ni. Chhanna awlsam chu, pawisa vang a ni ang. Han bih thuk leh deuh ta ila, company lian em em state sawrkarten hnam hnuaihnung leh leilung fate an beihna a ni tih a hriatthiam theih uar uar a ni.

Pawisa siam tuma buaipui bera neite tan chuan hetiang mihring – pawisa leh hlawkna an tih ṭhin aia leilung hlutna hretu, hetianga mi inhmangte hi an hnawk a, langsar deuha thah an nih loh leh dan vek behchhanin an nun tihhrehawm a ni ṭhin a, a tawpah chuan pawisa hi a chak zawk fo a ni.

Mi tam takin environmentalist-te hmalakna beih nan shifting cultivation (Jhum) hi sawi hnawngin an bei fo mai a, thil awmzia kan hrethiam lo hle niin a lang. Keini chauh ni loin khawvel hmun hrang hrangah tlang ram lo neih dan hi kalpui ve an lo tam hle. Africa, Oceania, Latin America, South leh Southeast Asia-ah te hian hetiang lo neih dan hi an hnam hrang hrangin an lo kalpui ve reng a ni. Tun hnai bera chhut chhuahah chuan, tlang ram lo neih atan hian hectare maktaduai 280 hman a ni. Lo neih dan sustainable ni loin kan chhuah fo a, amaherawhchu, khawvel thiamna sang zelah indigenous practice kan tih ho, hmasang aṭanga hnam tam takte’n kalphung an lo neih ṭhinte hi kum tam tak atana daih rei leh tih tlak zawk a ni tih hi khawvelin a hre fiah chho ta zawk a ni. Intensification kan tih, commercial agriculture practice, plantation lam leh monoculture hman te hi khawvel leilung leh nungcha hriselna tichhe thei zawk a ni tih hi mithiamte'n an pawm tawh zawk a, thlai/thing/ran natna leng fo te pawh hi heti ang agriculture practice avanga hluar zel an ni tih pawh evidence hian a kawk a ni.

Shifting cultivation-ah hian ramngaw kan hloh ang hian kan inzirtir nasa a. Mahse, heti ang thu inhrilh chhawn hi hi evidence tel lohna, fiahna tel loa inhrilh kan ni. Khiem leh Van der Poel-te’n an research-ah chuan inzawmna reng reng an nei lo tih kan hmu thei a ni. Chul (fallow land) hman nawn a nih ṭhin avang hian forest area thar tihchhiat hi heti ang loneimite hian an duh bik hauh lo a, forest area tichhe hnehsawh leh nghet zawka chu intensification kan tih mai, commercial base agriculture te hi an ni a, chu mai bakah thing kih (logging) leh ram leilung hmanna dangte an ni e.

Environmentalism hi chi hrang hrang a tam khawp a, a mal te te chuan article hrang ṭheuh an phu meuh mai, a pawnlang chiah tlem té i han sawi ho zeuh ila. Ramachandra Guha khan a lehkhabua a tarlan dan chuan environmentalism tam tak kara hriat thiamna kan neih belh theihna turin environmentalism pahnih tehkhin theih turin a rawn sawi hrang a. Global North environmentalism sawi nan American Environmentalism a rawn sawi a, South sawi nan Indian environmentalism a rawn sawi bawk a ni.

Heng environmentalism chi hnihte hi an rawn pian chhuah dan aṭangin a ṭan a, north lam chu post-industrial (industrial hnu), post-materialist society tiin, consumerist society siam a lo nih hnuah khan motor-te hi industrial khawl ni mah se kal kual a tiawlsam a, nature chu mi ṭhate tan bik ni tawh loin, an len thawven ve theihna an ni chho a. Khaw nuam, hmun nuam, thawnthu leh suangtuahna chauha kal theiha an ngaih hmun mawi leh nuam te chu an tlawh thei ta a. Environmentalism USA-a support a neih ṭhat chhan zinga langsar zual ber chu mi zawng zawngin nature hi an luh chhuah theih tawh vang a ni.

India-ah erawh chuan environmentalism a rawn pian dan tam tak hi industrial society insiam chho tur nen a innek a, conflict/innekna aṭanga rawn piang an ni a, heti ang innekna ho rawn pian chhan chiang taka hriat theih chu intluktlan lohna leh thiltihtheihna inang lo lutuk, chak zawkte inlulin nasatna, chhiatna thlen nasat avangte an ni a. Hmanhmawhthlak lutuk a nih avang hian direct action hi a tir aṭangin environmental action atan hian thil pawimawh em em a ni chho a. Direct action laknaah te hian traditional network, inpawhkhawmna leh inkungkaihna awm sa, khua leh tui anga inrelbawlin hma an lo la ṭhin.

North lam chuanin environmental organization ho hi a ring a, pawisa audit uluk tak chu la khawmin, court, lobby, minister, newspaper leh media lamah te hma an la a. 1970’s chhoah hian environmentalism pahnih danglamna inang lo tak a awm. Pakhat chuan tharum hman inringa protest (militant protest) a àwn a, a pahnihna chuan lobbying, felfai deuha court-a thil tih tumnate a àwn a ni. India-ah chuan court leh litigation lamah hma an lak bakah popular protest intichakin hma an la chhoa America-ah erawh chuan court leh inrelbawlnaa hma lakna laka lungawi lote chuan, organization mainstream ho chu duh loin firfiak takin direct action lamah hma an la a, spiking an tih, thingkung kih tur chhunga perek lian chhut luh a, thingzai dan kal hmang tihlauhawmin, thing hlutnate pawh tihniam turin direct action hmangin spiking an ti a nih chu.

North leh South-ah te hian environmentalism huangah politician-te’n hma an lak tawk lohna emaw hma an lakna awm chhunah pawh a hlawhchhamna a hmuh theih a awm ve ve. Hma an lak tawk loh avanga chhiatna thleng leh mi tam tak awm hmun nei loa an awmna te, hydel project avanga chânna nasa tak avang te hian a ni. India-ah hian environmentalism chu mi political system-in a ngaihthah leh tihnat community — tlangmi, tribal leh dam (tuikhuah) sak vanga awm hmun chân te an ni. North-ah chuan social movement thar angin political party pawn aṭangin a rawn piang a. Hun a kal zel a, hetiang environmentalist insuihkhawmte chu democratic process-ah an tel chho a, Green Party tih hmingte puin, election-ah ding ve a, seat pawh an la ve nual ṭhin.

North leh South rawn pianna leh political style kan en pawhin an danglamna ber chu an ideology inang lo em em mai hi a ni thei ang. Environmentalism of the poor, South lama mite chu productive forces te leilung rah chhuah (resource) inchuhna lama innekna aṭangin a ni a, class conflict chi thumna ni chungin environmental lamah thuk takin a àwn a. A pawn lamah a sen (left wing) a, a chhung lamah a hring (ecological) a ni. South ho movement-ah chuan ecology chungchang hi human rights, ethnicity leh dikna insem rualnaah te a ni. Heng tal chhuahna movement-te hi tribal te, kuthnathawkte inhmanna hi an conservative (a tha thei ang berin) em a, khua leh tui te, veng chhung invenna te a ni. Chu chu local community leh nation innek buaina a ni. Chutiang bawkin environmental conflict hoah hian a hmawr zum ber leh thuk taka dam khawchhuahna leh mamawh tawk neih theihna te chuan consumerism leh economic development thlun beh loh te chu ngaihtuah ṭhat ngai criticism a rawn piantir bawk.

Chutiang bawkin, North-ah chuan wilderness movement te chu production process (thil siam leh thil neih) pawna piang leh che an nih avangin single-issue movement an ni, thil kan thlir dan thlak turin hma an la a. An thil tih loh chu neih insem darhnaah leh productive process-ah inthlakna te an ko ve lo. United States-ah chuan environmentalism leh consumerism hi an innek ngai lo a, ngil putin an kal dun a, a socio-ecological innghahna a ngaihtuah loh mai ni loin, ram rethei leh harsa zawk te thil neih leh mihring laka innghahna a siam a ni. Economic Imperialism (ram chak zawkte’n tharum nena an economy an humhimna) mamawhin an insiam a ni.

Narmada Bachao Andolan kha a hlawhchham a, a thil tih tum rorelna dik (justice) leh mihring dikna chanvo (human rights) chu tluantling takin a pe thei lo. World Bank investment kha er thiam hlein, regulations leh policy en nawn tur leh committee hial a dintir thei a, amaherawhchu World Bank leh Indian state an inhnuhdawh kha chuanin a tlai fel vek tawh a nih kha. Hlawhtlinna neuh neuh nei mah se an hlawhchham chiang hle a, a hlawhchham tih chianna a awm meuh chuan a activist langsar zual Medha Patkar chuan an beih let theihna tawpkhawk, sa hliam ang maiin thu an ti tlu ta a, an thawhpui ṭhenkhatte nen Narmada-ah chuan intihlum turin an nunna hlan an tum ta a. Nation state chuan activist-te intihhlum chu phalsak loin dang turin hma a la nghal a, Patkar-i te chu a thawhpuite nen Narmada Valley-ah va hmuin inrem siamna an neihpui a. Review Committee dang leh a din hial a ni.

Mizorama environmentalism awm mekte hi sawi tawh angin litigation leh bureaucratic process lamah hma la niin popular movement a awm lo a, hawlh harh chawp ngaiin chhiatna rapthlak tuar phawta evidence neih phawt nghak kan ang ṭhin hle. Hetiang zela kan kal a nih chuanin radicalism, direct action India-a kan hmuh tawh ang emaw America-a kan hmuh tawh ang te hi rawn chawr chhuak turin tuna che mek politician-te leh, activist-te hian a hmun kan lo siamsak lawk a ni ber awm e. Mizoram hian protest culture kan nei lo khawp a, inhmaizahna vang nge, mualpho kan hlauhna vang nge, activist jail tan ngai khawpa state chet dan dik lo emaw company-te do ngam kan la awm lo ni tur a ni. Environmentalism, ram leilung humhalh hlawhtling theitu tur nei loin tunah chuan Mizoram hi beih a ni mek a, kil tin aṭanga beih a tawh laiin a mipuite’n pawisa mamawhna vangin an la hralh zel lo ang tih te pawh a sawi theih loh. Development theory hi sawi nawn hrep ngai thupui a ni tel bawk a. Mahse kan khung leng rih lo ni rawh se.

Ṭhalaite hian inzirin kan ṭanrual a ngai nasa hle. Capital leh state-in kan ram leilung leh nihna a tihhlum mek hi.

- Chawngthanmawia