Euthyphro’s Dilemma

Kan thupui hi mi ṭhenkhat tan chuan thu thar a ni ang a, ṭhenkhat tan erawh chuan hriat fo tawh a ni ang. Philosophy-ah chuan he thu hi a mikhual lo a, vawiin thlengin an sawi leh an zir, thupui chai hlawh tak a la ni reng ti ila kan sawi sual awm lo e. ‘Euthyphro’ tih hi puithiam pakhat hming a ni a, ‘dilemma’ hi Greek ṭawng aṭanga lo kal niin, ‘di’ – ‘pahnih’ tihna a ni. ‘Lemma’ – ‘a ngaihna hre loa inkhap thlûkna’ tiin JF Laldailova dictionary-ah kan hmu a; thil thlan tur harsa tak pahnih, a eng zawk pawh thlang dawn ila harsatna lo hring chhuak thei tiin kan sawifiah thei awm e.

A ṭobul

Kum 2,400 vel kal ta, BC 399 velah khan Greek mi fing (philosopher) Socrates chu Athens khawpuia rorelna court tualah a awm a, a awm chhan chu–Socrates hian ṭhalaite chu a hruai khawlo a ni, tia hêk a ni. Chumai piah lamah, hetih hun laia an pathiante aia Pathian dang chungchang a zirtir avangin court-ah an hruai a ni.

Court kawta a awm lai chuan puithiam Euthyphro nen an inhmu hlawl mai a, Socrates chuan Euthyphro chu eng nge a tih dawn a zawt a. Euthyphro chuan, a pa ngei tualthatah puhin court-ah khing tura kal a nih thuin a chhang a. Chutah chuan Socrates chuan puithuam Euthyphro chu zawhna khirhkhân tak a zawt a, chu a zawhna chu ‘Euthyphro’s Dilemma’ tiin an sawi zui ta zel a ni. Socrates leh puithiam Euthyphro te inbiakna hi philospher Plato lehkhabu ‘Euthyphro’ tih aṭangin kan hmu a ni.

Sual leh ṭha hi eng nge ni?

A tira kan sawi tak ang khian, Athens khawpuia court tualah chuan mi fing Socrates leh puithiam Euthyphro te chu an inbia a. Chutia mahni hringtu, a pa ngei mai tualthata puha court-a a khin dawn takah chuan Socrates chuan Euthyphro chu a zawt ta a.

“I pa meuh chu tualthata puhin court-ah i khing dawn ta a, i thil sawiah hian i chiang maw?” Puithiam Euthyphro chuan, “Hre chiang teh reng mai! Puithiam ka ni a, hetiang thilsual tih hi pathiante duh dan a ni lo a, a dik lo a ni,” a ti.

Socrates chuan zawhna zawh belh zel a:

“Eng nge dikna? Eng nge ṭhatna chu?”

Euthyphro chuan, “Tuna ka thiltih tur mek hi a ni a, thil tisualtu chu hrem tur a ni,” tiin a chhang a. Socrates chuan a hnial zel a, “Thil ṭha leh thil sual chu i sawifiah hauh lo a, entirna ni âwm ang chauh i sawi a ni,” a ti a. Euthyphro chuan heti hian a chhang a, “Ṭhatna chu pathiante duh dan leh an pawm zawng hi a ni,” tiin.

Socrates chuan, “Pathiante chu an duh dan a inang vek si lo a…” tiin a zawt zui zel a. Hetih hun lai hian Greek-te khan pathian tam tak an bia a nih kha. Euthyphro chuan, “Ṭhatnate chu pathiante pawhin an pawm vek a, thil dik lo erawh chu an duh lo,” a ti a. Chutah chiah chuan Socrates chuan vawiin thlenga zawhna ril leh chhan huphurhawm ber zawhna a zawt ta a, “Thil ṭha tia kan sawi hi Pathianin a sawi vanga thil ṭha ni ta nge a nih a, a ṭhat sa rêng vang zawka Pathianin ‘ṭha’ tiin a sawi mai zawk?”

Sual leh ṭha hi Pathian duh dan maia innghat a ni em?

Socrates zawhna aṭanga lo lang ta chu – thil ṭha leh ṭha lo hi Pathian duh dan mai a nih chuan, vawiina thil ṭha hi naktukah Pathianin ṭha ti lo thut ta se (arbitary), sual a ni mai dawn tihna em ni ang? Thil hi Pathianin ‘a ṭha’ a tih vang chauha a ṭha a nih chuan, Pathian duh dan chu engtikah emaw lo danglam ta se (entir nan, tualthah, dâwt sawi te hi 'a ṭha' rawn ti thut se), thil ṭha lo pawh kha thil ṭhaah a chang nghal dawn tihna a ni. He thlirna hian morality (thil ṭha leh chhia) hi duh duha thlak theih a nihtir a, Pathian thutlukna chu a mumal dawn lo tihna a ni ang.

Thil ṭha chu Pathian aiin a chungnung zawk a, chuvangin Pathian pawhin ‘ṭha’ chu ‘ṭha’ a ti ve tihna em ni ang? Chutiang a nih chuan thil ṭha chu Pathian aiin a chungnung zawk ang a, Pathian chu engkim tithei a ni lo ang a, ṭhatna hnuaia kûn mai a lo ni dawn tihna a ni a; thil awm sa lo entawn ve mai Pathian a ni tihna a ni ang.

Pathian thu aṭanga chhânna

Socrates zawhna khi Pathian thu aṭanga kan en chuan a chhanna kan pe thei a. CS Lewis pawhin a lehkhabu ‘The Poison of Subjectivism’ leh ‘The Problem of Pain’ ah khan a lo chhang tawh. Thil ṭha hi Pathianin a phût (command) vanga awm a ni lo a, Pathian leh thil ṭha hi a hrang lo tiin a sawi. Pathian chu thil ṭha bulpui a ni a, a nihna a rawn lantir a, chuvangin, Pathian nihna chu a danglam ngai loh avangin sual leh ṭha hi a danglam ngai lo, tiin CS Lewis chuan a lehkhabuah ‘Euthyphro’s Dilemma’ chungchang a lo chhang tawh a. He zawhna hian Pathian nihna (nature) a hriat loh vang chauh a ni tih kan hre thei âwm e.

Thomas Aquinas, William Lane Craig leh Alvin Plantinga te pawhin duh thlan tur pathumna siamin he thu hi an lo chai tawh a. Pathian thu thil ṭha duha lo pawm ve maitu a ni lo a, thil ṭha lo siam chawptu Pathian a ni hek lo. Pathian ngei chu thil ṭha a ni. Pathian duh zawng leh a thupek, Pathian nihna aṭanga lo chhuak a ni a, chu chu keini pawhin ṭha leh ṭha lo kan hriat theihna tura kan rilrua Pathian nihna leh inpuanna kan pianpui chu a ni tiin kan sawi thei ang.

- Rinfela Zadeng