RAM LEILUNG FA – PART I

Tun laia kan buaina ber chu Chakma-te ‘ram leilung fa’ an ni em, tih hi a ni a. Mizo leh Chakma-te hi hnam ziarang leh chin phung inang lo tak nei an ni a. Hun kal tawh chhui let pawhin Mizoram thlen nana an kawng zawh leh an ṭobul chu a inhnaih lo hle. He hnam pahnih chanchin hi en letin ‘ram leilung fa’ nihna chungchanga buaina hi tawi fel takin history zirna hmanga sawi fiah kan tum dawn a ni.

History hi thil hlui sawi fiahna satliah ringawt a ni lo a, tuna thil thleng mek sawi fiah tur hian tun hmaa thil thleng tawhte kan hriat fiah phawt a ṭul ṭhin. Chu’ng hun kal tawha thil thleng chhui nan chuan ziaka thu vawn ṭhat te, khawih theih sulhnu hlui te,

ṭawngkaa thu inhlan chhawn te, sulhnu hlui laih chhuah te leh tun huna innghah nana rintlak thil dang la awm ngeite hman a ni

ṭhin a. Rinthu te, ngaihruatna leh chhuidawn thilte hi history tehna fir leh fet tak chuan a pawm lo. Hemi a nih avang hian history ziah dawn chuan thu hnar mumal leh thu lakna rintlak leh dik te, kan thil ziah tihchian nana innghah ngamna chiang tak leh ṭan chhan nem nghettu kan neih a ngai ṭhin. Kan thil ziah leh sawi chu thu dik leh rintlak a nihzia tihlan nan chu’ng chu chhawp chhuah theih ngei a ngai ṭhin. History chu hun kal tawha thu dik zawnna, thlitfimna leh nem nghehna hmanraw chi khat a ni ber.

Mizo history ziah phung leh Mizo hnam huam chin

Mizo history kan ziah dan hmang leh kal phung hi en nawna ziah ṭhat a hun tawh hle a. Tun hnaiah kan mi thiam ṭhangthar zawkte’n he thil hi kalpui bawk mah se duhthu erawh a la sam lo hle. Mizo history ziah nana tehfung pawimawh tak kan lek ṭhin chu Ṭiau lui kan thu hi a ni fo a. Ziak hmasa lamah Mizo zinga hnam langsar deuh chauh te Mizo nihna kengtu bik an ni lo tih sawi fiahna a awm loh avangin Mizo tih chu Lusei leh a bikin Sailo chanchin chauh sawinaa ngai kan tam phah hle. Hei hian tun thlengin Mizo nihna hi a thel te ta zawk zel ni pawhin a lang.

Ṭiau ral chhak lam kan ngaih pawimawh viau laiin khawthlang lam leh chhim lam history chu kan ngaihthah hle thung a, hei hi tuna min vaw lettu a ni ṭan ta. Hei hian a ken tel chu hnam chungchang te, Mizo nihna leh a huam chinte hi a ni. Kan history avang hian Mizo chuan a huam zau tawk thei lo fo a; Lusei hnam chanchin leh Sailo lal ram chinah kan insawrbing avangin hun leh hmun huam zau lo tak history kan neih phah kan ti thei ang. Tuna Mizoram ramri chhung history chauh kan ziah ṭhin avang hian Mizo hnam pawh kan inchhui zau tawk thei lo a ni.

AD 1700 vela Ṭiau lui kana Mizorama lut anga kan inngaih avangin kan hnam chanchin chu history zirna aṭang chuan nimin lawk ang mai a ni. Chu mai bakah Sailo lalna tlang leh mual bik kan thlur nasat avangin kan hnam ram luah chin hi ar hmai tiat lekin a lan phah bawk.

Mizo anga kan inhlawm khawm hma chuan hnam hrang leh chi hrang angin kan khawsa a. Tawnhriat te, hnam chin phung te leh ṭawng inhnaih tak tak kan nih vang erawh chuan hnam hlawm lian dang (Kawl, Kawr/ Vai, Sap etc.) lakah chuan pumkhatah kan inngai tho a ni. Mizo anga inhlawm khawm a nih theih nan Sailo leh Lusei hi a banpui turin ṭangkai hle mah se, hemi vek hi kan chelek lutuk avangin duh angin tun thleng mai hian inhlawm khawm a la har deuh niin a lang. Hei hi hre tharin Mizo hnam hi ropui zawka kan siam theih nan rilru zau leh huapzo zawk pu tharin Lusei chauh lo pawh Mizo kan nih vekzia leh nghet zawka kan insuih khawm a ngaihzia tuna thil thleng hian min zirtir a ṭul hle.

Mizo hnam hming koh

Hnam reng reng hian mahnia kan inhriatna leh inkohna hi hnam hming koh awm chhun a ni lo a. Hnam dangin min kohna leh min hriatna hi kan nihna keng teltu pakhat a ni tih kan hriat a ṭha. Mizo hnam thlahtute hi Bengali-ho khan Kuki, Cuci, Kookie, etc. lo ti ṭhin in, hei hian a huam zau viau mai. Bengali-ho khan anmahni hmel leh hnam ziarang ang nei lote koh dan hrang an nei a. Tlang rama khawsa te pawh koh dan chi hrang an nei leh chhawng nual a ni.

Chittagong bial piaha tlang mi khawsate kha ‘Jumiya’ leh ‘Kuki’ tiin an ko hrang a (Hutchinson: 1909). Tlang rama khawsa ve tho, mahse Begali ṭawng thiamte chu ‘Jumiya’ tiin chungho zingah chuan Chakma hnam hi an tel a. Tuna Mizo hnam hrang hrangte hi ‘Kuki’ tia an lo koh ber ṭhinte chu an ni. Tlang mi zingah pawh Bengali-ho nena an intlawh pawh vak loh avangin Bengali ṭawng an hre thiam ve lo a. ‘Jumiya’ nen thliar hrangin ‘Kuki’ tiin an ko bik a ni. ‘Kuki’ tih thumal hi ziaka chhinchhiah hmuh chhuah hmasak aṭang tawhin lehkha ziaka chuang tawh a ni a, a upa tawh hle nghe nghe. Sneyd Hutchinson-a hma kum 40 velah TH Lewin chuan Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) bawra hnam awmte hi ‘Khyoungtha’ (Lui fate) tiin Chakma leh hnam dang ṭhenkhat a huamtir a; Toungtha (Tlang fate) tiin Kuki/ Lusei leh hnam ṭhenkhat a huamtir thung a ni (Lewin: 1869).

Heng a hnuaia tar lante hian Kuki/ Mizote chanchin hmasa leh an lo inzar pharh dan a tilang chiang awm e:

1. Tripura lalten anmahni chanchin ziaka an lo dah ṭhat Sri Rajmala, AD zabi 15-na (1400-1499) lekhabu-ah ‘Kuki’ tih hi a lo chuang daih tawh a. Hemi awmzia chu Tripura tlangdung huam chhungah Mizo hnamte hi rei tawh tak aṭangin an lo khawsa tih a hriat reng mai. Kum zabi 18-na aṭanga saphovin India hmarchhak lam an tlawha mumal zawka ziaka an chhinchhiahah pawh ‘Kuki’ tih hming hi an hmang rim hle a. Sap hovin ziaka an vawn china ‘Kuki’ tih a lanna hmasa ber chu April ni 10, 1777-ah a ni. Hei hi Chittagong lalin Bengal Governor-General, Warren Hastings-a lehkha a thawnnaa chuang a ni (Lewin: 1869).

2. Kum 1790-ah khan John Rawlins-a chuan Tripura tlangdung bawra ‘Kuki’ chu zir chiangin ‘Cuci’ tiin an chanchin a lo ziak a. Chittagong chhehvel ramhmul a zir chiannaah Francis Buchanan-a’n (1798) ‘Kookie/ Cuci’ chungchang hi a lo thai lang zeuh zeuh tawh. Heng lai bawr vel tho hian French pa, M. Boucheseiche chuan kum 1800 khan ‘Cuci’ chanchin a lo zir tawh tih TH Lewin-a lehkhabu aṭangin ka hre thei (Lewin: 1869). John Macrae-an kum 1801 khan ‘Kuki’ chungchang hi a lo zir chiang bawk a. Hemi hnu lama ziaktu reng reng (RB Pemberton, 1835; TH Lewin 1869, 1874, 1912; Alexander Mackenzie, 1884; CA Soppit, 1885; OA Chambers, 1889; AS Reid, 1893 etc.) chuan an ziak lang vek a tih theih awm e.

Mahse sapho khan chiang zawka an chhui hnu-in enkawl awlsam nan ramri siamin Mizote pawh ram hrang hrangah an ṭhen darh ta a. Chin-Kuki-Lushai tih kha an awmna hmun azirin an hmang chho ta zel a ni. ‘Lushai Hills’ chhunga ‘Lushai’ hnam te pawh Lusei hnam bik ni lovin tuna ‘Mizo’ tih kan hman ang hian hnam khai khawmtu hming atan an hmang ta zawk a ni.

Mizoram khawthlang leh

CHT-a Mizo hnam chanchin

Mizoram khawthlang, a bikin CHT-a ‘Kuki’ te chu tute nge ni ta ang? ‘Kuki’ tih thu mal upatna hian Mizo hnam upatna tilangin ṭan chhan pawh tam tak a awm thei. Ram leilung tih hrilh fiah nan hnam hming koh chungchang leh a huam chin hi sawi fiah hmasak a ṭul a. CHT bawrah hian Mizo hnam, Pang leh Bawmte hi rei tak an lo cheng tawh a. Chu bakah Lusei chi peng zinga Palian, Rokhum leh Rivung hnamte pawh Tripura aṭanga chhim tawlhin CHT-ah an lut tih kan hre thei bawk (Laldova: 2014).

Sapho hun lai khan tuna Bangladesh hi Bengal Province hnuaia awmin Chittagong chu bial pakhat a ni a. Chittagong bial, phai ram chin chu saphovin an awp ṭhin. Chittagong bial piah tlang ramte chu an tlawh-pawh mai lo thung. Chu lai ram chu ‘Chittagong Hill Tracts’ tia vuahin kum 1860-ah an awp ṭan chauh a ni.

Heng a hnuaia tar lan aṭangte hian Mizoram khawthlang leh CHT-a Mizo leh Chakmate lo khawsak ṭhin dan kan hre thei awm e:

1. CHT vela hmun hming tam zawkte hian Mizo hming an lo pu ṭhin a. Tlangdung, lui hming leh khaw hming tam tak chuan Mizo hming ngei an lo pu tawh ṭhin. Hei hi sapho chhinchhiah danah a hai let theih. Khung lai hmun an rawn tlawh pawh tirh khan Mizote lo khawsa-in hmun hming an ziah, heng: Uiphum, Bawrkawlh/ Sazek, Lungsir, Saichal leh Sirte tlang dung te pawh an hming ngai hmang vekin an chhinchhiah a ni (Chambers: 1899). Tuilianpui/ Sazek leh Tuichawng lui te pawh Mizo hmingin an lo chhinchhiah bawk (Chambers: 1899). Hengte avang hian CHT leh a chhehvel, Chakma-ten ‘ṭuan leh mang’ ata tawh an khawsakna nia an chhal hi Mizo hnam khawsak ṭhinna zawk a ni tih a hriat theih.

2. Sneyd Hutchinson-a chuan CHT luah hmasatute chu ‘Kuki’ hnam peng hrang hrang niin a sawi a. Chittagong District chhim lama awm ṭhin Chakma-te Mugh-hovin an nawr avangin chung Kuki-te chu CHT hmarchhak lamah an tawlh ve ta thung a. Hei vang hian Chakma-te chu CHT-a luta khawsa zui ta niin a tar lang (Hutchinson: 1978). Heta ṭanga lang chu Chakma-te hi Chittagong phaiah lo khawsa ṭhin a, an aia chak zawk Mugh-ho nawrna avangin CHT-ah an tawlh lut ta a ni. Arakan lalin Chittagong lal hnena June ni 24, 1787-a a lehkhathawnah pawh Arakan aṭanga Chittagong ram vela lutte chu Chakma leh Mugh-ho an nih a rin thu Lewin-a chuan a ziak nghe nghe (Lewin: 1869).

3. Kum 1860-a CHT ṭhen darh a niha ram luahtute chu Hutchinson-a chuan chiang taka lo chhinchhiahin Lungtian, Chipui, Chhippui, Mahmuan, Lungphun, Lawngkawr, Tlangpui, Bunghmun, Zotui, Saichal, Ralau adt. chu Pang lal hnuaia awm vek an nih thu a ziak (1978). Heng khuate hi Bawrkawlh/ Sazek tlangdung, Mizote chen tamna ber a ni (Laldova: 2014). He tlangdung thlanga Buarpui tlangdungah hian Mizo pipute sulhnu, Mizoram chhunga kan lungphun/ lungdawh ang te pawh awm chuk a. A tlang peng, Changpui tlangah pawh Rivung lal, Vanhnuaithanga’n khaw ropui tak a nei ṭhin bawk (Laldova: 2014). Pu Laldova, History of Chittagong Hill Tracts ziaktu pawhin Chakma-te’n lungphun leh lungdawh an ching ve ngai lo niin a sawi (biangbiak ni: 31/7/2017). Hei vang hian heng laia sulhnu hlui hi Mizote sulhnu ngei a nih a rinawm hle.

4. TH Lewin-a khan a enkawl tur ram CHT chanchin kimchang taka ziakin hmar lamah Tripura tlang ram, chhim lamah Akyab district leh thlang lamah Regulation district of Chittagong hmanga ri kham a nih thu a tar lang a. Khawchhak lam ramri (Mizoram lam) chu rin fel a nih loh thu leh sapho thuneihna chu an thlen chin zel a nih thu a ziak bawk. CHT khawchhak lama police station hla ber chu Kassalong a ni a. Kassalong aṭanga Demagiri (Tlabung) an kai dawn hian a Chakma puakphurte chuan Mizote lo awmte chu hlauvin, kirsan te pawh an awm thu a sawi (1912). Hemi aṭanga thu chiang chu Chakma-te hian Bawrkawlh tlangdung (CHT) hi an pel ngai lo tih leh an hlauh Mizote nena khawsa ho tur leh Mizote ram chhunga an chen ve chu a rinawm lem loh a ni.

5. Kum 1860-a saphovin CHT district-ah an siam khan CHT chhung ni lo, Rangunia-ah Chakma lal pawh a la awm a. Kum 1868-a district headquarters, Chandroghona aṭanga Rangamati-a sawn a nih khan Chakma lal pawh Rangamati-ah a insawn ve ta a. Chumi aṭang chuan CHT hi Chakma lalten an luah ṭan a, hei hi Rani Kalindi (1844-76) lal lai a ni (Laldova: 2014).

6. Vai Len vawi khatna (1871-2) lai khan Mizoram chhunga Chakma tam takte chenna Tlabung/ Demagiri leh a chhehvel, Sirte tlang leh Khawthlang Tuipui thlang lam te hi Thangluah lalho awpna hnuaia awm a ni a. Lewin-a chuan November ni 12, 1871-a Thangluah lal, Rothangpuia khaw bulah raldai thar siamin Demagiri/ Tlabung hi a din a (1912). Hei hian he lai hmun hi tu ma la luah loh ram a ni tih leh Demagiri/ Tlabung hi sapho din a ni tih chiang takin a tar lang. Chambers-a paw’n khaw hrang hrang chanchin a tar lannaah Tlabung hi ziak telin mi 400 an chen thu leh insumdawn tawnna bazar te pawh a awm thu a tar lang a. Chutah chuan Haulawng (Rolura thlahte) leh Shendu-te (Lai leh Mara) nen sumdawnna an kalpui thu a ziak lang bawk (1899). Chakma-te an awm ve thu leh sumdawnnaa an inrawlh thu erawh a lang lo.

Tlipna

He thuziak hian Vai Len Vawi Khatna (1871-72) bawr vel thlenga CHT leh Mizoram khawthlanga Mizo leh Chakma-te chanchin a thlur bing a. Chakma-te’n

‘ṭuan leh mang’ ata tawh an rama anga an chhal hmun tam zawk hi Mizoten an lo luah hmasa zawk tih kan hre thei. CHT-ah lo awm ve mah se Chakma-te hian Mizo luah chin ram an thleng ngai lo tih a lang chiang hle. CHT-a Chakma leh Mizote an khawsak ho ṭhin vang mai hian Mizoram chhungah Chakma-te ram bung neia lo khawsa ṭhin tura ngaih ngawt hi a dik tawk lo a, ṭan chhan tur pawh a vâng hle. Ram leilung fa nihna hi Chakma-te hian an ngiat tlat duh a nih chuan Chittagong Hill Tracts hmun hi an ngiatna tur zawk tak chu a nih hmel.

- Albert Vanlalruata, Joseph Lalzarliana, Lalchhanhima, Lalhlimpuii Pachuau, Rosaline Varsangzuali Department of History & Ethnography, Mizoram University