CLASSICAL ECONOMICS HMANGA MIZORAM ECONOMY THLIRNA

Kum 1776 a Adam Smith an lehkhabu hmingthang tak, 'The Wealth of Nations' a publish aṭang khan economics subject hi a lar chho zel a. He subject-ah hian 1969 aṭang khan tun thlengin Nobel Prize te pawh a dawn theih a ni. India rama Central Services zingah pawh Indian Economic Service te hial pawh a awm a ni. Subject upa tawh ve tak a ni a, a in develop chho zel a ni.

Economics han tih ringawt pawh hian thlir dan chi hrang hrang a awm a. A sap ṭawng lamah chuan Schools of Thoughts an ti. An thlir dan leh pawm dan a inang lo thluai a. Chutiang azir chuan economics pawh hi Classical Economics tih te, Neo Classical Economics tih te, Keynesian Economics tih te, Marxian Economics tih te an awm.

Thil dang chu thlur vak lovin Classical Economics hi han sawifiah dawn ta ila. Classical Economics kan tih chuan heng, Adam Smith te, Ricardo, Jean Baptiste Say te, John Stuart Mill, Robert Malthus leh a dangte zirtirna te hi a ni deuh bik a. Thu hrang hrang pawh sawi mahse Economics chungchanga an zirtir dan ah inanna a nei. Chutianga an inanna lai chu lakhawmin Classical Economics tih hming hi a chawi ta a ni.

Classical economics innghahna tlangpuite chu:-
1. Economy hi amahin a inrel fel thei a, sawrkar inrawlh a ngai lo. Sawrkar ṭha ber chu economy a inrawlh nasa lo ber hi a ni mai.
2. Thil man leh hlawhte hi amahin a danglam thei a, a market-a thu thu a ni mai.
3. Thil siamchhuah (or tharchhuah) tam dan azirin a hralhna leh duhtu pawh an tam mai. Chuvangin thil siamchhuah hleihluak a awm thei lo.
4. Thil leina leh hralhna man (price) hi Demand leh supply-in a rel fel mai a. Hmuh theih loh kut (invisible hand) in a ṭanpui a ni.
5. Economy-ah hian hnathawh tur hmuh zawh lohna (Unemployment) hi a awm tak tak thei lo. A awm a nih pawhin an duhthlanna avanga hna hmu lo an ni mai.
6. Economy-ah hian mi zawng zawng leh hmanrua zawng zawngte tan eng hunah pawh hna an hmu vek thei (Full employment hi a awm reng a ni).
7. Ram leh ram pawh zalen takin an insumdawn tawn tur a ni a. An neih ngah zawngte leh an thiam zawng (natural/factor endowment) azirin hlawk takin an insumdawn tawn thei.
Aw le, Classical economics innghahna thu bulte hi a buluk kan ti viau mai thei a. Amaherawhchu heng zingah hian finna thu a inzep ṭeuh bawk a ni tih hriat a ṭha khawp mai. Classical economics leh Free market economy te hi thil inkaih kawp tlat a ni te pawh kan ti thei awm e. A nih loh leh Free market economy hi Classical Economics a innghat kan ti thei awm e. Tun hma deuh kha chuan khawvel economy hrang hrangte pawh hi a chunga kan sawi Economics thlirna zulzui khian an inṭhen hrang fel viau a. Marxian Economics-a innghat deuhte chu Communist or Socialist Economy te an ni a. Chung zingah chuan khatih hunlaia Soviet Union (USSR) kan tih te, China te leh a dangte an ni a. A lehlamah chuan Classical Economics zirtirna anga innghat, Free Market Economy or Capitalist Economy te an awm a. Chu'ng zingah chuan USA te UK te an langsar zual awm e. India erawh chu a pahnih lak kawp Economy a ni a. Chu chu Mixed Economy an ti ve thung.

Awle, Classical economics zirtirnaa innghat khawthlang ram ten 1930 hnu lama tlakchhiatna (Great Depression) an tawn hnu a Keynesian Economics a lo pian chhuah dan te, 1990 hnu lama Marxian economics-a innghat USSR economy a lo tlakchhiat veleh a lo inher danglam dante chu thu dang lo ni ta se, Classical Economics zirtirna ṭhenkhatte hi Mizoram tan hian eng nge an ṭangkaina tur tih lampang hi kan thlúr dawn a ni. Kan sawi tak ang khan Mizoram chu Mixed Economy (India) hnuaia awm kan ni a. Economy-ah zalenna zau tak neiin kan awm mek a ni. Thil ṭhenkhatte chu siam chhuah leh zawrh kawngah sawrkarin a khuahkhirh tlatte a awm a, thil mante pawh sawrkarin a khuahkhirh chinte pawh a awm. Chutih laiin sawrkarin a khuahkhirh miah loh laite pawh tam tak a awm bawk. Kan zalenna hi a zau khawp mai. Chutichuan kan tan a Classical economics hriat a pawimawhnate chu hetiangah te hian han en ta ila.

1. Thil man chungchang: Thil man hi a duhtu duhna (demand) leh a hralhtu hralh phalna (supply) a zira lo awm a ni. Demand leh Supply inlai tannaah thil man a inrel fel mai a ni. Demand a san viau chuan thil man hi a sang thei a, amaherawhchu Supply a tam ve tho chuan thil man a sang vak chuang lo thei bawk. Kan ramah chuan supply hi a tlem a, demand hi a sang bawk si a. Chuvangchuan thil man hi a sang ṭhin a ni. Thil man hi hniam tura kan duh chuan thil siamchhuah leh tharchhuah lam kan tihpun a ngai a ni mai.

2. Thil man leh Hlawh inthlak theih thu (Price and Wages Flexibility): Classical economists chuan hlawh leh thil man inthlak danglam theih thu hi an thu pawm leh an zirtirna innghahna a ni tih kan sawi tawh a. Hei hian pawimawhna tak a nei. Thil hralh theihna thuah leh inhlawhna hmuh leh hmuh loh thuah te a pawimawh em em a ni. Thil i hralh theih loh chuan lungngaihna tur a awm lo, a man kha han tihniam la i hralh thei mai ang. Thil man hi sumdawnnaa inbeihna hmanruaah te pawh an hmang hial a ni. International trade ah te hian thil man chungchanga inbeihna hi an thupui khawp mai. A tirah thil man tlawm em emin an supply a. Midangin an hralh ve theih loh khawpa tlawm turin thil an han zuar a. Chutiang chu ‘Dumping’ an ti a. Market an capture vek ta ṭhin a ni. Chutianga an tih chuan an elpuite an tichhe vek a, chumi hnuah chuan an thilsiam hralhnaah elpui nei lo khawpte'n an che ta ṭhin a ni. Myanmar aṭangin Coconut a lo lut nasa lutuk a, kan coconut thar kan hralh thei lo kan tih chuan a dona hmanraw ṭha ber chu i thil man tihhniam a ni mai.
Foreign aṭanga rawn lut ai pawha a man i tihhniam zawk theih loh chuan i thil man i chhiar to lutuka i inhralh thei lo tihna a ni mai a, i hmanrua ber 'thil man tihhniam' kha khawthim dawn atan chauh ni lovin han chelek la, market thunun vek mai rawh le. Hlawh thuah pawh, labour leh mistiri kan tih angte pawh hi; thiam inang rau rauah a hlawh tlem zawk chu a chhhawrtu tan chhawr an chakawm zawk ngei ang.

Labour/mistiri i nih a hnathawh tur i hmuh loh fo chuan i inchhiar zat hlawh kha han tihniam teh. Hlawh inchhiar tam viaua hna hmuh loh ai chuan hlawh inchhiar tlema hna hmuh char char chu a ṭha zawk ang. Pu Vanneihtluanga pawh hian YouTube-ah “Hlawh tlem ai chuan thawh loh hian hlawh a tlem zawk,” a lo ti reng mai. Chutiang zelin taxi leh bus hire-nate pawh hi, a hmangtu turin a hman ngamna aia sanga i chhiar chuan hmangtu tur i nei lo mai dawn a ni. A hmangtu turin a hman ngamna tawk kha ngaihtuah a, a inremsiamna neih a ngai ṭhin a ni. Taxi leh bus hire chungchang chu chu entirna mai a ni a, chutiang chuan bungraw dang zawng zawng pawh kalpui a ngai a ni.

3. Classical economics-a an thil pawm dan mak ve deuh chu thil siamchhuah a tam chuan a hralhna pawh a tam ve mai tih hi a ni. Hei hi a sapṭawng lam chuan “Supply creates its own demand” an ti a. Mi tam takin kan lo ngaihdan turah chuan hemi letling chiah hi ni awm tak a ni a. ‘Demand creates its own supply’ tih zawk tur ni awm tak a nih laiin anni chuan ‘Supply creates its own demand’ an ti teh tlat a ni. Hei hi a chhan ni awma lang chu anni ngaihdanah chuan ‘Thil tangkai (economic good) kan siamchhuah reng reng chuan kan siamchhuahna atana kan hman labour, capital, land etc (factors of production) te khan anmahni phu tawk hlawh an nei ṭheuh a, thil kan siamchhuah tam chuan factor of production te khan hlawh an neih belh zel a. Chutianga hlawh lo pung chu thil lei nan bawk an hmang leh tho a, thil siam lo pung pawh chu a lei zo leh tawk chiah a ni’ an lo ti a ni. Chuvangin thil siam hnem lutuk (overproduction) pawh a awm thei lo an ti bawk. Chutiang chu thil pakhat chauh ni lo economy pumpui ngaihtuah chuan thil dik thei awm tak chu a ni.

4. Thil siamchhuah nana mihringten an hman ṭhin he'ng: mihring tha (labour), ram leilung (land), mihring siam thil; khawl leh hmanrua (capital), leh thil siamchhuah nana a ruaitu leh ngaihtuahtu (entrepreneurship/organisation) te hi a sawi khawm nan thil siamna chakkhai (factors of production) an ti a. Hengte hi hman ṭangkai an nih chuan thil siamchhuah a lo pung zel thei a. Amaherawhchu, eng emaw avangin hengte hi awm ringawt mah se, chhawr lohvin an awm mai mai thei bawk. A hmang ṭangkaitu tur ber chu factors of production (fop) zinga a hnuhnung bera kan tarlan 'entrepreneurship' khi a ni. Entrepreneur an awm ṭhat chuan f.o.p te pawhin chhawrtu an hmu ṭhin a ni. Tichuan, Classical economist te ngaihdanah bawk chuan kir leh ta ila. Anni chuan heng f.o.p te pawh hi englai pawhin chhawr ṭangkai reng an ni a, theihtawpa chhawr ṭangkai an ni reng bawk a ni. Chuvang chuan economy ah hian hnathawh tur hmuh loh a awm thei lo va, englai pawhin thilsiamna hmanrua (f.o.p) te hi hman full an ni tih hi an ngaihdan a ni. A sapṭawngin “the economy is always at full employment” tih hi an ngaihdan a ni. Chutiang a nih theihna chhan chu hlawh leh thil dang mante hi a ṭul dan ang zela danglam thei a ni tih an changchawi vang a ni.

Entirnan, a hmasa lama kan sawi tawh ang khan Labour hlawh hi lo sang lutuk ta se, a chhawrtu turin to a tih lutuk avangin lo chhawr ngam lo ta se, hna thawk lovin a awm mai dawn a ni. Chutianga hna hmuh lohna chu hnathawktute duhthlanna avanga lo awm a ni (voluntary unemployment) an ti a. A hlawh a phut san avanga hna hmu lo a ni a, a tihhniam chuan chhawrtu a hmu leh mai dawn a ni. Chutiang vang pawh ni lo, hnathawh tur awm lo hrim hrim (involuntary unemployment) hi chu a awm thei lo tih hi an ngaihdan a ni. Hna hmuh loh chu sawi loh, hna hmuh vek (full employment) hi economy nih dan phung a ni tih hi an ngaihdan a ni.

5. Insumdawn tawnna chungchanga an ngaihdan pawh a zalen hle. Inkhuahkhirhna awm lova insumdawn tawn hi an duhdan a ni leh mai. Ram hrang hrangte hian zalen taka anmahni neih ngah zawng ang zela an insumdawn tawn hian an hlawk zawk ṭheuh a ni tiin an ngai. Ram pakhatin mahnia thil siamchhuah vek emaw, tharchhuah vek emaw tum lovin mahniin tlawm zawka kan siamchhuah theih a awm chuan chutiang bungruaah chuan insawrbing ila, ram dangah hralh chhuak ila. Kan ramin tlawm zawka kan siam theih loh, a siam nana insen ngai tam chi bungrua erawh chu ram dang aṭangin chawlut mai ila. Chutiang bawk chuan ram dang paw'n ti ve se la, kan hlawk tlang ṭheuh a ni mai tih hi an ngaihdan a ni a. Ram tinin mahni neih ngah ang zawng leh tharchhuah tam theih ang kha ram dangah hralh a, neih ve loh zawng kan chawk luh mai khan kan hlawk zawk ṭheuh a ni tih hi an lo sawi daih tawh a ni. Hei hi Absolute Advantage Theory an ti a, ram pakhatin kawng tinrengah midang aiin thil siam tlawm thei zawk vek ta se, insumdawn tawn loh mai tur em ni? Ni lo ve, chuti chung chung pawh chuan chu ram chuan amaha a siam tlawm theihna berah khan insawrbing se la, thil dang chu ram dang aṭangin chawlut se a la hlawk tho an ti a. Hei hi Comparative Advantage Theory an ti leh bawk. A awlsam zawngin sawi ta ila, keimahni rama kan thar/siam chhuah aia mi ram aṭanga kan chawk luh a tlawm zawk chuan ramri kaltlang (International Trade) a kan lei mai kha kan tan a hlawk zawk a ni tihna a ni mai e. An sawifiah dan example zawng zawng nena sawi chhawn pawh a ṭha viau a. Amaherawhchu hisap tlem azawng a ngaih avangin leh a thui dawn avangin ṭul lovah ngai mai ila a ṭha ang e. Classical economists te hian a Theory-a an sawi tum pawimawh tak chu, inkhuahkhirhna awm lova ramri kaltlanga insumdawn tawnna hian ram hrang hrangte tan tlawm zawk leh hlawk zawkin bungrua min leitir thei a ni tih hi a ni.

Aw le, kan thu chhiar tak Classical economics aṭang khan hengte hi a chhanna kan pe thei awm e:
1. Kan economy ah hian sawrkar/NGO a inrawlh lutuk em? Nge keimahnin kan inrawlhtir lutuka kan buai zawk?
2. Mizorama kan thil zawrh, bungrua leh hnathawh mante hi kan chhiar to lutuk avanga kan hralh theih loh a tam ang em? A man tihniam ila kan inhralh hnem zawk ang em?
3. Lakhuihthei, tomato, zikhlum leh thil dangte ah hian Overproduction a awm em? A awm chuan a man kan tihhniam theih loh vang em ni?
4. Hna hmuh lohna tam tak hi Voluntary Unemployment a ni mai ang em?
5. Kuva rah, dawnfawh kan thar chhuah aiin Foreign aṭanga rawn kal a tlawm zawk em? A nih chuan eng tin nge keimahniin kan do let ang?
6. India state zingah ram pahnih inkarcheha awm chhun kan ni a. International border-a awm reng siin kan inkhuahkhirh nasat lutuk vangin kan nihna hi kan chhawr ṭangkai thei lo em ni? Kan awmnaah hian Gujarat-te hi awm ta zawk se eng tin nge an tih ang?

- Dr. P.L.Ramliana