ṬAWNG ṬHANG MEK MIZO ṬAWNG (INTERNATIONAL MOTHER LANGUAGE DAY)

Pianpui ṭawng ni, International Mother Language Day hi khawvel pumah kum tin February 21-a hman ṭhin a ni. United Nations Educa­tional, Scientific and Cultural Organi­zation (UNESCO) chuan kum 1999 November ni 17 khan he ni hi hman turin a lo puang a, kum 2000 aṭang khan khawvel puma hman ṭan a ni.

Pianpui ṭawng ni hi Bangladesh miten ṭawng chungchanga buaina lian tak an neih aṭanga rawn irhchhuak a ni. Kum 1947-ah Pakistan leh East Pakistan ram a piang a, 1948 khan Pakistan sorkar chuan Urdu chu an ṭawngpui ber (official language) atan a puang a. Chutih laiin East Pakistan lamah chuan Bengali ṭawng chu an ṭawngpui ber a ni thung si a, chutianga ṭawng in hman luih tir chu an duh loh avangin East Pakistan lam chuan nasa takin an dodal a ni.

University of Dhaka zirlaite chuan nawrh an huaihawt a, February ni 21, 1952 khan Pakistan police te chuan nawrh huaihawttu zinga mi 5 an kaphlum a, mi za chuangin hliam an tuar ta hial a ni.

Pianpui ṭawng humhalh duh avanga nunna chan tate hriatrengna hun chu East Pakistan, tuna Bang­ladesh sorkar chuan a hmang ta zel a. January ni 19, 1998 khan Canada ram, Vancouver-a cheng Bengali mi Rafiqul Islam leh Abdus Salam-te chuan khatih laia UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan hnenah lehkha thehlutin, February ni 21 chu International Mother Language Day-a puang turin an ngen a. November ni 17, 1999 khan UNESCO General Assembly vawi 30-na chuan lungrual takin “Kum 1952-a nunna hlantu martarte hriatrengna atan February ni 21 hi khawvel pumah International Mother Language Day atan puan ni rawh se” tiin a rel ta a ni. Kum tin UNESCO chuan thupui bik a thlang chhuak ṭhin a, kumin 2023 thupui atan chuan “Multilingual education: A necessity to transform education” tih thlan a ni.

Mizo ṭawng hi Mizoramofficial language a ni:  
Ṭawng zir mi (linguist) te chuan Mizo ṭawng kan tih hi Tibeto Burman family zinga mi niin an sawi a. Ṭawng thluk nei (tone language) niin danglam bikna tam tak a nei a, thumal inang reng pawh a thluk a zira awmze hrang nei te, double adjective leh double adverb hmanga thil nihna sawifiah dan ṭha tak te a awm a ni. J.F. Laldailova phei kha chuan, “Kan Duhlian ṭawng hi kan hnam phu tawkah chuan ṭawng famkim ber pawl a ni a; khawvel ṭawng mawi ber zinga mi a nih pawh ka ring. Grik ṭawng hi chu kan tluk lo vang a; Hebrai erawh hi chu kan khum hial ka ring a ni," a ti hial.

Mizo ṭawng hi Mizoram chhungah chuan ṭawng pui ber a ni a. Kum 1975 khan Mizoram Legislative Assembly chuan ‘The Mizoram Official Lan­guage Act, 1974’ chu an pass a. He dan hi a nihna anga hman ṭangkai a nih tawk loh avangin, pass a nih aṭanga kum 12-na, kum 1987 August ni 15 aṭanga hman ṭan turin official gazette-ah ‘Notification’ tihchhuah a ni leh ta a. He notification-a a lan dan chuan eng level-ah pawh Mizo ṭawng chu hman theih vek a nih thu tarlan a ni.

Amaherawhchu, sorkar indawr tawnna tam takah English chu hman tam a ni zawk reng a. Hei vang hian Mizoram sorkar, General Administration Department (GAD) chuan June ni 21, 2021 khan ‘Office Circular’ a tichhuak a, Mizoram Official Language Act, 1974 beh­chhanin sorkar indawrna leh mipui hriattirna lehkha reng reng chu Mizo ṭawnga ziak tel vek turin hriattirna a rawn tichhuak ta hial a ni.

Zirna lama hma a sawn dan:
Mizoten kum 1894 aṭang khan ziakna hawrawp kan nei ṭan a, Pu Buanga leh Sap Upa te khan anmahni ṭhahnemngaihnain zirna bul an lo ṭan a. Chuta ṭang chuan zirna sikul hawn belh zelin, Mizo ṭawng zirna pawhin hma a sawn ve hret hret a ni.

Mizo ṭawng chu kum 1907-ah Middle level thlenga zir theih tura pawm a ni a, 1930 khan High School zirlai atan pawm a ni leh bawk. Kum 1962 khan Gauhati University chuan degree course zir theih turin a pawm a, 1983 khan North Eastern Hill University (NEHU) chuan elective course atan a pawm leh a, 1993 aṭang khan honours course-ah a pawm leh bawk. Kum 1997 aṭang khan NEHU chuan MA thlenga zir theih turin a pawm leh ta a ni.

Kum 2001-a Mizoram University a lo pian khan BA leh MA course chu a chhunzawm zel a. MZU-ah hian kum 2010 aṭang khan Mizo subject chu M.Phil degree thleng zir theih a ni a, Doctorate (Ph.D) zir theihna phei chu kum 2007 aṭang khan bul an lo ṭan tawh nghe nghe a ni. MZU bakah hian Pachhunga University College leh ICFAI University, Mizoram hnuaiah te kum 2018 aṭanga khan MA thleng zir theih a ni ta zel a. Tunah phei chuan PUC hnuaia Mizo zirtirtute hian Ph.D zirlai an kaihruai (supervise) ve thei ta zel bawk a. Tun thleng hian MZU hnuai aṭangin Mizo subject-ah mi 27 in M.Phil leh mi 11-in Ph.D an zirchhuak tawh a ni.

Mizo ṭawng dinhmun mek:
Duhlian ṭawng, a hnua Lusei ṭawng an tih leh tuna Mizo ṭawng kan tih tak hi Zohnathlak ṭawng zingah chuan a ṭhang duang ber a ni awm e. Mi ṭhenkhatin ṭawng boral hlauhawm (endangered language) nia sawiin, ṭawng hman dik kawnga inzirtir nasat a pawimawh thu an sawi nasa hle a. Hetih rual hian Mizo ṭawng hi zirchiangtute'n eng ang takin nge an hmuh tih hi chhût chian a ngai hle.

Mizo ṭawng zirchiangtu UNESCO chuan Mizo ṭawng hi ‘vulnerable language’ zingah a dah a. Hei hi kan insawiṭhaih chhan ber, ṭawng thi mai turah a dah tia kan sawi fo ṭanchhan chu a ni. Amaherawhchu, UNESCO zirchianna hi kan en chuan, khawvel ṭawng hi hlawm ruk (6)-ah a ṭhen a, ṭawng lian pui pui leh hmangtu ngah tak tak te chu ‘safe language’-ah a dah a, chumi hnuai chiaha mi, ṭawng tenau deuh zawk chu ‘vulnerable language’-ah hian a dah a, dinhmun ṭha ber dawttuah a dah zawk a ni. Tin, UNESCO hian kum 2001 chhiarpui behchhanin Mizo ṭawng hmangtu zat chu 5,29,000 ang chauhin a tarlang a. Kum 2001 khan Mizo ṭawng hmangtu hi 6,74,756 zet an ni thung a, UNESCO hian data hlui, dik tawk lo a la ring reng zawk a ni.

Kum 2011 chhiarpui-ah khan Mizo ṭawng hmangtu 8,30,846 an awm niin Census of India chuan a tarlang a. India ram State 28 zingah hian State 26-ah Mizo ṭawng hmangtu an awm a. Union Teritories 9 zingah 7-ah Mizo ṭawng hmangtu an awm vek bawk. Kerala, Telangana, Daman and Diu leh Lakshadweep-ah te chauh lo chuan Mizo ṭawng hmangtu nghet hi an awm vek niin a tarlang a, Mizoramah phei chuan a mi cheng zinga 75.72% in an hmang mek a ni. Kum 2021 chhiarpui hi 2023 thleng pawh sei rih a nih avangin data thar hriat theih a la ni lova, hemi result chhuah hunah phei chuan Mizo ṭawng hmangtu zat hi an pung chho ngei bawk dawn a ni.

India rama ṭawng zirchiangtu langsar tak pakhat, People’s Linguistic Survey of India (PLSI) chuan Mizoram chhunga ṭawng hmante an zir chianna lehkhabu ‘The Languages of Mizoram’ tih chu kum 2018 khan an tichhuak a. Mizo ṭawng chu ‘Ṭawng ṭhang duang’ (rising/ thriving language) zingah a dah a ni.

Ṭawng zirtu lian tak, USA-a ‘Summer Institute of Linguistics’ (SIL) hian khawvel ṭawng hrang hrang an zir chianna lehkhabu ‘Ethnologue: Languages of the World’ chu an tichhuak ṭhin a. Kum 2021 February ni 21 khan an lehkhabu thar ber, 24th Edition chu an tichhuak a, hetah hian khawvelah ṭawng 7,139 a awm niin an tarlang a. Ethnologue hian Mizo ṭawng chu India ramah hmangtu 8,31,000 awmin khawvel pumpuiah 8,43,750 in an hmang niin a sawi a. Ṭawng dinhmun a thliar hran dan hrang hrang Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) hmanga an tehin category number 4 (Educational) an tih huang chhungah an dah a. Educational category an sawi fiah dan chuan–‘Hetiang ṭawng hi ṭawng hman lar tak, ṭawng la nung ṭha tak a ni a. Thu leh hla (literature) lamah te, a ṭhan zelna (standardization) lamah pawh zirna (education) hmangin ṭha taka chhawm nun zel a la ni’, tih a ni.

Heng zirchianna hrang hrang aṭang hian Mizo ṭawng hi ṭawng ral hlauhawm tak aiin ṭawng ṭhang mek a nihna hi a langsar zawk niin a lang. Tunah hian khawvel hmun hrang hranga Zofate-te hian Mizo ṭawng an hmang nasain an chawi nung zel bawk a. Myanmar ramah khian Mizo ṭawng hmangtu mi 50,000 vel an awm mek a, Bangladesh-ah khuan mi 15,000 velin an hmang mek bawk a, USA-ah Mizo ṭawng hmang thei mi 4,000 vel awmin Israel-ah khuan Mizo ṭawng hmangtu 2000 vel an awm bawk. United Kingdom-ah khuan mi 350 velin Mizo ṭawng an hmang a, Australia-ah mi 700 velin Mizo ṭawng an hmang bawk. Heng bakah hian khawvel hmun hrang hranga cheng Zofate hian Mizo ṭawng an la chhawmnung ve zel a. Australia-ah phei chuan Victorians School of Languages hnuaiah Mizo ṭawng chu subject pakhatah dah a ni ve tawh nghe nghe.

Mizo ṭawngin hma a sawn zel:
Mizo ṭawng hi India Constitution eighth schedule-a hlan kai ve nise tia nawrna a awm reng a. Tunah hian eighth schedule-ah ṭawng 22 awm mekin, ṭawng 39 in dilna an thehlut mek a, chung zingah chuan Mizo ṭawng hi a tel a ni. Mizo ṭawng hi state pakhatin ṭawng pui berah kan hmang mek a, State leh UT 4 tih lohah hmangtu an awm vek a, kumtin Mizo ṭawnga ziak lehkhabu 200 bawr vel a chhuak ziah a, Legislative Assembly-ah lungrual takin Mizo ṭawng telh tura pass a ni a, tlawmngai pawl hrang hrangin an thlawp a, Law Commission thlengin an lo rel tawh a ni. Chuvang chuan engtikah emaw chuan ṭawngpui zingah a la tel ve ngei a beiseiawm a ni.

Mizoram Legislative Assembly chuan Mizo ṭawng humhalh a, tihmasawn turin March ni 10, 2022 khan ‘Mizo Language Development Board’ dinna tur bill chu a lo pass ta a. He board office tur pawh hi February ni 6, 2023 khan luahluh a ni tawh a, Chairman lailawk turin Dr. Lalzirmawia Chhangte, School Education Secretary chu ruat a ni. Mizo ṭawng tihmasawn tur leh tichangtlung turin he board hi nghakhlel takin kan thlir mek a ni.

Thil lawmawm tak pakhat chu Google company chuan ṭawng lehlinna hmanrua (translating application) ‘google translate’-ah Mizo ṭawng chu May ni 11, 2022 khan a rawn telh ve nawlh mai a. Khami ṭuma ṭawng 24 a telh tharte nen tunah hian Google translate-ah ṭawng 133 a awm mek a ni.
Google hian an application-ah hian ṭawng 1000 tal telh an tum a, chumi atan chuan mithiam rual 25 an chhawr a. Heng mite hian ṭawng 1745 an zir chiang a, chuta ṭang chuan ṭawng 1057 chu an thlang chhuak a, heta ṭang hian ṭawng 112-ah an tlathla a, chumi hnuah ṭawng 38 chu zir zui zel tlakah an ngai a. Chung ṭawng aṭang chuan ṭawng 24 chu google translate-ah an telh ta a. Heng zinga Mizo ṭawng a tel ve ta mai hi a lawmawm hle a ni.

Google translate hian ṭawng dinhmun tehna atan The Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score chu an hmang a. He BLEU tehfung hmang hian ṭawng pakhat, ṭawng danga lehlina a dik zawng (accuracy rate) chu teh a ni a. 10% hnuai lam hi hman tlak loha ngaih a ni a, 60% chung lam phei chu mihring ai pawha letling dik zawk hial tura ngaih a ni. Mizo ṭawng lehlin dik theih zawng (accuracy rate) hi 13.2% a ni a, a la hniam hle chungin, mi ṭhahnemngaite avangin a la changtlung chho tawlh tawlh turah a ngaih theih a, tunah phei chuan a changtlung ve ta tulh tulh a, hmang ṭangkaitu pawh an tam chho tial tial a ni.

Engpawhnise, Mizo ṭawng hi ṭhangtharten an zir thar zel a. A la ṭhang chho zel dawn niin a lang a, a ṭhan zel theihna atan a hmangtu mipui ten kan humhalh a, kan tihhmasawn zel a ṭul a. Mizo ṭawng dik hman dan kan zir zel a pawimawh rualin, a hmangtu kan tam theihna tura kan rilru kan tihzau deuh te pawh a ṭul awm e. UNESCO hian ṭawng hi hnam nihna leh culture vawnhimna pawimawh tak a ni tih a hriat chian em avangin, kum 1993 khan Declaration of Vienna of the World Conference on Human Rights-ah ‘multilingualism’ chungchang an lo pass tawh a, hnam tenau zawk ṭawng hi humhalh a pawimawh thu an tlangaupui a, chumi ang chuan kuminah pawh an thupui chu ‘Multilingual education: A necessity to transform education’ tih a ni a. Anmahni hriatthiam ṭawnga zirlai kalpui chu thiamna hmanrua a nih zia tarlanna a ni ber awm e.- Dr. H. 

-Laldinmawia, Assistant Professor
Department of Mizo, Pachhunga University College