ZOFATE LEH RAMBUAI (Inpumkhatna atan)

Tun ṭum Manipur buaina zet chuan min chiah hnehin min luhchilh hle mai. Social media zawng zawngah pawh ‘Zo hnahthlak’ tih tunhma zawng aiin kan hmang rim a, hnam hlawm khat tan min phuarkhawmtu tur ‘common identity’ leh chet vel ti awlsamtu tur ‘common language’ kan mamawhzia pawh a tilang uai uai awm e. Hei bakah Mizoram hi Zo Hnahthlakte tan hian kan ‘in pui’ leh ‘centre’ a nihzia tunhma zawng aiin a rawn tichiang lehzual ta a ni. Zo Hnahthlak te hi engzat chiah nge kan nih hriat a harsa hle nachungin, inzawmkhawm tak tak ngat ila chuan, entity lian tak, tuma palzut mai mai loh tur kan ni ngei ang.

Dr. Vumson chhut dan chuan (Zo History,1986) 25,00,000 kan ni a. Kum 2014 Census khan Chin Hills a Chin population hi 4,78,801 angin a dah a, Churachandpur-a Mizo te chu 2,74,143 angin a dah bawk. Mahse mi tam zawk chuan Census figure hi dik lo-a ngaiin,Myanmar-ah hian Chin 9,07,686 kan awm a, Lusei pawh 19,724 an awm a ni tiin kum 2002 daih tawh khan an lo sawi. ZORO-in memorandum May 20,1995-a a thehluhah kha chuan Mizo/ Zo India, Myanmar leh Bangladesh-a awmte hi nuai 50 kan ni tiin an dah a. Kum 2001 Census hrang hrang reports enin India, Bangladesh, Burma-a Mizo/ Zo te hi mahtaduai 9-10 vel kan ni a tih theih awm e. Chhui zui ngai tak a ni.

Globalization hian min hnuk hnai a, khawvel pumpui mai hi global village-ah min siam ta kan tih rual rualin, group identity huang chhungah kan social security pawh min zawntir bawk a ni. Chuvangin, group entity level-a in khurkhung kan lo duh tak vek avangin, ethnic identity pawh re-affirm kan lo duh ta fur a ni. Hei hi American context-ah a dik a, Red Indians te, Asians te, Chinese te zingah pawh inkhawr hran duhna a lo lian ta hle a ni. Khawvel hmun tinah a dikzia a takin a lang mek zel bawk a ni.

ZOFATE LEH MARGINALIZATION

Zofate hi Myanmar hmar thlang lamah te, Northeast India-ah te, Northeast Bangladesh-ah te kan awm tlangpui a. Myanmar-ah khi chuan Tiddim Chin zulzuiin Zomi kan inti tlangpui a, Mizoram leh India ram hmun ṭhenkhatah chuan Mizo intih duhna in zung a kaih nghet hle bawk. History lama min chhuitute chuan Tibeto-Chinese tiin min dah a. Hei hi ṭhen hrang lehin tlang rama awm hlen ta te chu Tibetan tiin, China ram lama chhuk thla te te chu Tibeto-Chinese tiin, heta ṭanga Burma ram lama pem ta te erawh chu Tibeto-Burman min lo ti ta a ni. Keini Zofate/ Zo hnahthlak te hi chumi group chu kan ni a, kan ṭawng pawh Tibeto-Burman linguistic family a lo ni ta a ni. Dialect hrang hrang hmang mah ila, a bulṭhut chu a inang vek a, linguistic family khat chhuak vek kan ni.

Kan history chhui dan pawh a inang tlang hle. Kum zabi 12-na (12th century) a China rama ziak pakhatah chuan Burma rama Chindwin lui kam vela cheng ṭhin kan nih thu a chuang, tih hmuh chhuah a ni. Chutah Shan hovin min rawn run tak avangin, kan ngam si lova, tlangramah kan ṭaidarh ta a ni. Shan invasion hi chu kan Mizo history ziaktute pawhin an hre ve hle bawk a ni. Kuki te hi thlang lamah tla thla-in, Manipur lal hnuaiah an tlu lut ta a. Zofa group dangte hi hmun hrang hrangah ṭaidarhin, a ṭhen chu Mizoram leh India ram hmun dangah te, Bangladesh leh Tripura thlengin kan tla thla a, a ṭhen Burma ramah kan cham hlen ta bawk a ni. Kan ṭaidarh tak nuaih avang khan lalram (pre-modern state) din hlei thei lovin kan lo awm ta a ni.

Sailo lalte erawh kha chuan Selesih Confederacy kaltlangin Sailo lalram (kingdom) din tumin, chhak leh thlang, chhim leh hmar vengin an nawr nasa hle mai a, mahse British rorelna khan a rawn chhu chat ta a ni. Zofate administrative Unit pakhat hnuaia dah duhna kha British khan an nei na a, an puitlin ta lo a ni. Indopui II-na zawhah India ramah Mizoram leh Burma ramah Chin Special Division pek kan lo ni ta a ni.

Kan awmna hmun ṭheuhah nek chepin kan awm fova, kan awm mek bawk a, kan mamawh (basic needs)- housing, food, security, education, health, employment te leh dikna humhalh kawngah te hian kan chanvo ruk sakin kan awm vek mai. India ramah chuan minority community kan nih avangin mainstream India an tih pawna leng kan ni hrim hrim a, palzut leh sir hnawl (marginalize) leh discriminate tur ang hian min hmu hrim hrim a lo ni.

Myanmar-ah chuan kan unau Chin te hlawm lian tak takin - Tiddim Chin, Falam Chin leh Halka Chin-te an ni hlawm a. Tiddim Chin hian Zomi an inti deuh a ni awm e. British kha chuan 1886 aṭang khan Chin Hill Regulation Act hmangin special takin a enkawl ṭhin a, an lalte pawhin Mizorama lalte ang bawkin ro an rel zui a ni. January 4, 1948-a Independent Federal Union of Burma siam a lo nih khan, Chin te hian democratic zulzuia rorelna an din a. Nimahsela, hei hi kum 1962-a Newin-an military Coup hmanga sawrkarna a rawn lak khan, Military Socialist sawrkar a lo ding ta a, Chin special political status pawh a tawp zui ta a. Hemi hnu hian Chinho te hi Burma sawrkar decision-making body-ah an tel mumal ta meuh lo a ni.

Chin te hi Kristian deuh vek an ni a, Burmese erawh Buddhist an nih thung avangin sipai Sawkrar chuan a tiduhdah ṭan ta a. Human rights violation an tuar nasa a, sawisak, vuak, forced labour, awmze nei lova man te avangin an rama awm hleih theih a ni ta lo va, Chin refugee an tam ta em em a. India, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, USA thlengin an tlanchhe ta a ni. Kum 2011 khan Mizoramah pawh heng refugee te hi 1,00,000 awm anga chhut a ni. Hei vang hian Chin state hi chu Zofate tan kan ‘ram’ tia belhtlak a ni ziktluak thei lo a ni.

Bangladesh-a Zofate pawh an dinhmun a ṭha chuang lem lo Chittagong Hill Tracts leh Arrakan ah te hian Zo hnahthlakte leh Chakma te an awm hlawm a. Ram ruak a la tam avangin Bangladesh Sawrkar chuan Bengali tam tham tak, Dacca leh Sylhet lama tawt lutukte repatriate nan a hmang ta a ni. Bangladesh-a helna ṭobul a lo ni ta a. Chakma leh Zofate hi a tuartute kan lo ni ta bawk a ni.

ZO HNAHTHLAK INPUMKHATNA ATANA HMALAK TAWH DAN

Manipur lamah chuan kum 1946 khan Kuki National Assembly (KNA) din a ni a, kum 1949 khan Paite National Council (PNC) din niin, Hmar National Union (HNU) pawh 1959 ah din a ni bawk a ni. KNA leh HNU te hi chuan a tirah Zofate inpumkhatna lam àwn deuh mah se, anmahni hnam bil identity an buaipui deuh ber a. PNC erawh hi chuan India, Burman leh Bangladesh-a Chin awmte insuihkhawm leh nan hma a la ṭhin a ni. Kum 1960 khan PNC General Assembly chuan Zofate (Chin) reunification atan India PM hnenah memorandum a lo thehlut tawh a ni. Kum 1961 khan ‘Zo tribe’ inzawmkhawmna tura hma la turin Chin Liberation Army hial a lo din tawh a, mahse a zuih ral thuai thung a ni. Kum 1976 khan Zomi National Council (ZNC) din a ni a, Chin emaw Kuki tih aiah ‘Zomi’ chawi lar a, insuihkhawm a, 'Zogam’ ram din a ni. Mahse, kum 1983 khan Prime Minister hnenah UT an dil ta lek fang a, an zuih ral zui ta a ni,

Myanmar-ah pawh Zomi Revolutionaru Organization (ZRO) chu kum 1993 khan Kachin state ah din a ni a. A thil tumte chu: Zomi te insuihkhawm, Zomi te chenna ram zawng zawng suihzawma ‘Zogam’ din, rorelna pkhat hnuaia awm, tih te a ni.

Mizoram-ah chuan Mizo Union khan kum 1949 khan Hmarkhawlian Cachar ah Zofate inpumkhatna leh inzawmkhawmna hi resolution meuh pass-in a lo kalpui tawh ṭhin a, mahse a tak ram an thleng zo ta lo. Kum 1965 khan MNF khan Kawnpui, Manipur ah ‘Greater Mizoram’ din turin thutiam a lo siam tawh bawk a, mahse Greater Mizoram tel lo bawkin MOU (Mizoram Accord,1986) chu a lo sign leh ta bawk a ni. Kum 1988 khan Zo Reunification Organization (ZORO) chu Champhaiah a lo piang leh ta a, regular takin convention pawh an nei ṭhin a, kum 2013-a Churanchandpur-a convention neih tum khan Zo Hnahthlak hmun hrang hrang aṭanga kal ten, Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi te hi kan vaiin chhul khat chhuak kan ni e, tiin an re-affirm a ni. United Christian Republic of Mizoram (Zoram Thar) hi chuan January 15-17,1965 khan Mizo People’s Convention Kawnpui, Churachandpur ah neih a nih thu leh chutah chuan Mizo Union leh Mizo National Fronte te mai bakah Zofate zing atangin Kuki, Gangte, Paite, Vaiphei, Hmar, Chin, Simte, Zomi, Kom leh Baite thlenga an tel thu tarlangin hnam khat, thlah khat kan nih thu lungrual takin an pawm thu an sawi bawk.

Kum 2002 aṭang khan chak takin MZP Haedquarters, Aizawl, chuan insuihkhawm lehna hmanrua atan regular leh mumal angreng takin ZOFEST a buatsaih ta fo a. Hei hi Zo Hnahthlak hmun hrang hranga India, Myanmar leh Bangladesh-a awm ten an hlutsak hle a ni.Kum 2018-a Reiek-a neih tum khan Myanmar aṭangin Zo Hnahthlak MP rualten min rawn telpui a. Hei hian ṭhalai, mimir, mipui, political hruaitute thlengin kan tuipui tih a tichiang hle awm e.

INPUMKHATNA KAILAWN

Jackson chuan mihring a huhova awm - hnam emaw, tribe emaw, ethnic group- kan tih mai thin te hi ethnic category, ethnic group, ethno nation ti tein a ṭhen a. Ethnic category chu tribe emaw, hnam emaw ‘social category’ ni ve si, mahse political consciousness nei si lote hi an ni. Hetah hi chuan hnam inzawmkhawm duhna leh tumna pawh a awm lo. Mahse ethnic category te hian hnam emaw trribe nihna identity an lo tuipui tawh chuan political consciousness an lo neih tawh ṭhin avangin ethnic group an lo ni ta ṭhin a ni. Heng ethnic group te hian political office/authority an lo chan ve hun chuan ethnoc nation an lo ni ta ṭhin a ni. Zofate hian member nihna pakhat aia tam kan nei thei a ni. A intei té zawnga identity- Hmar, Paite, Haokip, Lai, Tiddim Chin, Falam Chin, Lusei etc- chak taka kan kalpui chuan nek chepin kan awm reng dawn hrim hrim. Chuvangin, min nek cheptute ep ve pha turin a huapzo leh inpumkhat zawnga common identity kan neih hi a pawimawh ngawih ngawih a ni.

T.K.Oommen ve thung chuan ethnic group leh nationality te hi a thliar hrang ve thung a. Ethnic group te chu hnam hlawm khat- history thuhmun, culture leh social life pawh angkhat, ṭawng thuhmun leh sakhua pawh thuhmun, mahse ancestral homeland aṭanga taidarh leh nekchep, deprive te leh, mi rama awmhote hi an ni, a ti a. Mahse, heng ethnic group te hian anmahni ancestral homeland ah ngei thuneihna, political authority an lo neih hian nation an lo ni ta ṭhin a ni.

Hemi zulzui hian Europe ramah khu chuan state formation an kalpui a, state boundary leh national boundary leh cultural boundary te a thuhmun tlangpui a ni. India ramah ve thung chuan state boundary chhungah cultural group hnam tam tak kan awmkhawm a, cultural identity hrang nei leh value system hrang nei vek kan ni hlawm. Nimahsela, Hindu caste-system-a an hnam ṭha hote chuan anmahni chu ‘mainstream India’ in tiin boundary siam chawp (artificial boundary) zulzuia min hrut rual an tum ta a ni ber. Hei vang hian keini sakhuana leh numerical strength lama minority te hi min dim lo va, min palzut ta a ni.

Chuvangin, Jackson leh T.K.Oommen te thu hi ṭhuizawmin hetiang hian kan sawi thei ang. Hnam emaw, tribe emaw te hi ethnic category, ethnic group, ethno nation, nationality ah te an ṭhen theih a. Ethnic category chu chawh thawh loh, dorman ethnic entity a ni a, hei hi hmanlaia kan dinhmun a ni. Ethnic group chu chawhthawh, chak taka in-organized ethnic entity te an ni. Zo Hnahthlak tam zawkte hmun tam taka kan dinhmun mek a ni. Ethno nation chu heng ethnic group te hian Constitution pek ngei provincial autonomy emaw special right leh autonomy an lo neih hian hemi dinhmunah an lo inhlangkai ta ṭhin a ni. Zo Hnahthlak zinga tlem te chauhvin hei hi kan nei hrih a ni. Hmun tam zawkah kan neih dan a ziktluak lo hle bawk. Zo Hnahthlak ni miah lo, Chakma te erawh chuan Mizoram chhung ngeiah an nei lawi si. Heng ethno nation te hian anmahni pi pute homeland (traditional homeland) ngeia thuneihna leh political authority an lo neih hian ‘nation’ an lo ni ta ṭhin a ni. Hei tak hi India chuan pawm duh lovin, indigenous homeland concept hrim hrim pawh hi a pawm duh ngai lo va, indigenous people tih pawh a pawm bawk lo a nih kha, Hei hi tuna Manipura kan buaina ṭobul ngei chu a ni.

Zofate hian Mizoramah chauh lo chuan nation nihna hi kan chang pha tak tak lo va, rahbehin kan awm zui zel a ni ber. Mizoram chhungah pawh ‘cultural nation’ kan nihna hi tunah hian kan humhim zo lo lek lek a nih hi.

Zo Hnahthlakte hi mi ramah leh mi state ah kan awm darh hlawm a. Keimahni puala kan ‘ram’ kan tih tak tak theih awmchhun chu Mizoram chauh hi a ni a. Myanmar ah eng emaw chenah Chin state khi a ni leh thei awm e, mahse cultural nation kan nihna identity kan humhim tak tak thei lo. India ramah chuan Manipur, Tripura, Assam leh Meghalaya ah te kan inzar pharh a. Mahse ethno nation emaw nation identity tak tak chu kan nei pha lo tlangpui a ni. Hei hi Bangladesh-a Zofate chanvo a ni bawk. Myanmar-ah chuan Chin state, Arrakan leh hmun dangah kan inzar pharh ve na a, Chin state ah chauh lo chuan majority nihna tak kan nei lo va, ethnic group kan ni zui zel a ni ber. P.S.Haokip, President, Kuki National Organization, pawh khan, “Myanmar ah chuan kan awmna state hrang hrangah political right kan la nei hrih lo va, neih ngei hi Kuki National Organization thil tum a ni,” a ti a nih kha. Chuvangin, national identity kan neih tak takna hmun chu Mizoram chauh hi a nih avangin social integration leh emotional integration kan neih takzet a, kan inzawmkhawmna atan a pawimawh danglam em em a, Mizoram chhunga mite pawhin mawh kan phur nasa bawk a ni.

Tun ṭuma Manipur khawtual buaina zet chuan Mizoram chhunga Mizo te, ram pawna Mizo te thlengin min nghawng nasa a. Mizoram chhung aṭanga hmalakna hrang hrang- State Sawrkar hmalakna te, civil society hrang hrang leh tlawmngai pawl hmalakna a taka kan hmuh te, kohhran hmalakna kan hmuh te leh kan ṭawngkam chhuak te a ngaihnawm a, ‘Pa’ chan kan chang takzet a, a lawmawm a ni. Hei hian a tak ram min hruai thleng ngei ang a, Mizo tih hi min phuarkhawmtu identity atan kan hmang thei thuai ngei ang. Chin-Kuki-Zomi-Mizo ti duah tawh lovin nomenclature mumal tak kan nei thei thuai ngei ang.

Kum 1901 Census kha chuan Mizoram chhungah pawh tumah ‘Mizo’ inti an la awm lo, nimahsela kum 1961 Census ah kha chuan 96% te chuan ‘Mizo’ tiin an inziak lut ta vek a ni. Mizo tih hi Indian Constitution-a nemkai meuhvin state pakhata chengte hming atan a lo pawm ta a, Mizoram tih te, Mizo ṭawng tih te a lo piang ta a ni.

Ṭawng chungchang hi a pawimawh hle. Ṭawng hrang (dialects) hmang ṭheuh mah ila, a bulṭhut erawh chu Tibeto-Burman Linguistic group a ni vek a ni. Mizoramah chuan ‘Lusei’ tih ṭhin kha duh lovin, hnam leh tribe zawng zawng huapzo turin ‘Mizo ṭawng’ tia thlak a ni a. A chhan ber pawh Mizo ṭawng hian Lusei ṭawng chauh ni lovin, Zo Hnahthlak ṭawng hrang hrang a funkhawm a, Lusei ṭawng ziding a nih tawh bik loh vang a ni. Mizoramah State Official Language a ni a, Chin-Kuki-Mizo-Zomi zingah pawh lingua franca kan ti thei hial awm e. Sawi dan pakhatah chuan Halkha ṭawng leh Mizo ṭawng hi 80% a inang a, Zahau (Laizo) nen 70% a inang a, Tiddim ṭawng nen 50% a inang bawk a ni. Kum 1981-a survey pakhat chuan India ram state hrang hranga Zo Hnahthlakte zinga 53% chuan Mizo ṭawng hi an hmang tawh tih a ni bawk a ni. Hei hi kan identity leh kan chakna innghahna tur a ni. Naga te saw chuan ṭawng thuhmun innghahna an neih loh avangin Naga concept hian pawnlawi takin phuarkhawm ṭhin mah se, culturally-a inzawmkhawmna thuruk Zofate angin an nei ve hauh lo a ni. Zofate hi Pathianin danglam takin min din a ni tih i hre reng ang u.

Sakhuana hi kan hlamchhiah thei lo. Kristianna hian min luhchilh vek a, tihduhdahna karah pawh kan rinawm tlat ṭhin. Chin state ah chuan 90% Kristian kan ni a, Bangladesh ah pawh 89% Kristian kan ni fan bawk a ni. Khawthlang missionary-te khan kan awmna apiangah min rawn luhchilh chat chat zel a, hei hi thil danglam tak a ni. Zo Hnahthlak kohhran reng rengin Chanchin Ṭha hril kan uar vek bawk hi kan danglamna tak chu a ni.

Tunah chuan India Look East Policy kha kum 2014 aṭangin Act East Policy a lo ni ta bawk a. ASEAN ramte (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar) nena inpawhna tur leh insumdawntawnna tur kawtchhuah kan nihna turah hian hnam anga kan tawrh theih dan turte, social consequences awm thei turte pakhat mah India hian min CARE-sak lo tih hriat a ṭha. Heta tan hian ṭangruala kan inbuatsaih a ṭul ngawih ngawih a nih hi.

- Prof. C.Nunthara